Chikhalidwe cha anthu wosazindikira - makamaka ake

Culture wa anthu wosazindikira, amene anachokera kwa munthu wanzeru, chimodzi mwa nthawi yakale kwambiri ya mbiri. mitundu yonse ya padziko lathuli zapita nthawi imeneyi chitukuko mbiri, kupanga chiyambi cha zipambano wotsatira wa anthu (onse auzimu ndiponso akuthupi). Inali pa nthawi iyi panali anthu oyamba ndi dziko loyamba, koma tisaiwale kuti moyo wa anthu wosazindikira sanakhale kufufuza bwino zoona zake.

Kuphunzira chikhalidwe wosazindikira anali kumva ndi kupanda pofukula zakafukufuku ndi kupanda magwero olembedwa. Popeza mfundo imeneyi, sayansi zosiyanasiyana anakakamizidwa amachita kumanganso Makanema ena mu mbiri ya nthawi imeneyi. Nthawi zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa mafuko a Australia, Oceania, Africa, monga iwo amaonedwa kukhala "Anapitirizabe" mu magawo oyambirira chitukuko anthu.

Woyamba zida mwala, akatswiriwa anapeza kuti zinalengedwa zaka zoposa miliyoni zapitazo. Dziwani kuti nthawi yathu ino ya Khirisimasi kumatenga pang'ono kuposa zaka 2 sauzande, ndi mfundo imeneyi amapereka ufulu kuti pafupifupi 99% ya mbiri yake, anthu ankakhala m'dziko achikale.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu akale ali kulunjika yake, amene anafotokozedwa ndi chiwerengero cha mfundo kutsimikiziridwa. Choyamba, ndi chibadidwe ulimi wosazindikira ndi zida zosavuta. Chachiwiri, nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi kupanda kwathunthu kudziwa zofunika sayansi, koma chidziwitso cha zochitika zachilengedwe zinali zabwino kwambiri, ngakhale comprehended yekha Komanso mwachilengedwe. Chachitatu, anthu wosazindikira, chikhalidwe ndi wapadera kuti nzeru za anthu amene anakhalapo nthawi imeneyo, sanali otsika wathu. Chifukwa ichi iwo ali ndi zida zofunika kwambiri, popanda zimene akatswiri ambiri saganiza akuimira pofuna kukwaniritsa chikhalidwe (ife tikuyankhula za ntchito yomanga nyumba, moto katswiri wa luso, ndi kuweta nyama).

mwapadera ayenera syncretism chikhalidwe wosazindikira, chomwe ndi mbali yofunika kwambiri ya nyengo ya pansi obwereza. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mu chikhalidwe wakale sanali akatswiri chifukwa panalibe specialization kudza kwa anthu a. Aliyense nthumwi za mtundu wosazindikira chinkayenera kuti likhale mfundo zofunika zomwe adzalola kuchita ntchito zonse zofunikira. Kuzindikira za dziko ndi chikumbu anthu anali undifferentiated. Aliyense okhalapo primordial mbali ya chikhalidwe (palibe amene ankaganiza pa nthawi za mmene angagwirire nokha m'kalasi a). Tikumbukenso Komabe, kuti zachokera syncretism kufuna woyamba kufotokoza dziko. Pa mtima wa mfundo zoterezi kuloŵerera ndi kuganiza kufanizira.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu akale anali peculiarity wina: pamene anthu (mosachotsera) ankakhulupirira kuti ambiri mitengo, mitsinje, mapiri ndi matanthwe ndi chamoyo, kotero iwo zingasokoneze zochitika zosiyanasiyana m'dzikoli. Posakhalitsa ya matsenga ndi wosazindikira syncretism kumabweretsa zikamera wa ntchito representational, amene amapanga luso.

Tcheru ziperekedwe ndi dongosolo la gulu la chikhalidwe achikale. Mwatsoka, chibwenzi, palibe chiwembu limodzi la magawano, koma wotchuka kwambiri ndipo anayamba amati ndi periodization ofukula zinthu zakale. Bukuli lili opangidwa zosiyanasiyana zipangizo komanso zipangizo zonse ntchito. Mfundo imeneyi ya kugawikana, ndi wosazindikira dongosolo limodzi lagawidwa zaka zitatu: mwala, mkuwa ndi chitsulo. The nthawi yaitali mu mbiri ya anthu imatengedwa M'badwo Stone, amene nawonso, lagawidwa Nthawi atatu: Paleolithic, Mesolithic ndi Neolithic.