Chilamulo cha Raoul.

Lamulo la Raoul linakhazikitsidwa ku 1887 kutali ndi mmodzi wa akatswiri odziwika bwino a ku France. Iye ali ndi dzina lake. Lamulo la Rawlt limadalira maubwenzi ena omwe amachepetsa mphamvu ya mpweya kupitilira njira zothetsera mavuto. Kuyerekeza kwa kuchepa kwa mpweya wotsekedwa ndi chimodzimodzi ndi gawo lochepa la mankhwala osungunuka. Lamulo limeneli, wasayansi wa ku France adapeza, akuphunzira njira zothetsera zakumwa zamadzimadzi (zosasinthasintha) ndi zinthu (zolimba).

Kuchokera ku lamulo la Raoult, munthu amadziwa kuti kuwonjezeka kwa malo otentha kapena kuchepa pa mfundo yozizira ya njira yowonjezera yogwirizana ndi chinthu chosasinthika molingana ndi kusungunuka kwa nkhani kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kupeza minofu yake.

Njira yothetsera vutoli ndi imodzi yomwe ikugwirizana ndi zikhalidwe zake malinga ndi zofunikira za lamulo la Raoult. Zosintha zowonjezereka zingaganizidwe kokha zomwe zikukhudzana ndi mpweya wosakhala ndi zowonjezera. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma molecule awo sangasinthe kayendetsedwe ka magetsi. Chifukwa chake, kutentha kwa kutsegula kwake kudzakhala zero. Kenaka zida zothetsera mavuto sizidzakhala zovuta kuzipeza, popeza ndizofunikira kuwerengera chuma chawo choyambirira cha chigawo ndi chiwerengero, momwe kusanganikirana kumachitika mwachisokonezo.

Ndi zothetsera zenizeni, chiwerengero chotero sichingakhoze kupangidwa. Chifukwa poyambitsa njira, monga lamulo, kutentha kumapangidwira kapena vuto limakhalapo - yankho limapangitsa kuti kutenthaku kukhale komweko.

Njira yowonongeka ndiyo njira yomwe kutentha kumachitika, ndipo njira yamapeto ndi yomwe imapangidwira.

Zomwe zimayambitsa vutoli ndizo zomwe zimadalira makamaka njira yothetsera vutoli, m'malo moyambitsa zinthu zakuthupi zachilengedwe. Zovuta kwambiri zowonongeka ndizopanikizika, malo ozizira kwambiri a yankho ndi mpweya wambiri wa mpweya wa solvent.

Lamulo loyambirira la Raoul limaphatikizapo kukakamizika kwa nthunzi yambiri yomwe imayambitsa vutoli. Tanthauzo la lamulo ili linalembedwa monga: Pi = Pio * Xi.

Kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa mpweya wochuluka muzitsulo zowonongeka ndizomwe zimagwirizana ndi mtengo wa magawo ake mu njirayi. Pachifukwa ichi, chiwerengero cha coefficient chidzakhala chofanana ndi kupanikizika kwa mpweya wambiri pamwamba pa chinthu chosakanikirana.

Popeza chiwerengero chonse cha magawo onse a zigawozo ndi 1, ndiye kuti njira yowonjezeramo ili ndi zigawo monga A ndi B, tikhoza kupeza chiyanjano chotsatirachi, chomwe chimagwirizana ndi lamulo loyamba la Raoult: (P0A-PA) / P0A = XB.

Lamulo lachiwiri la Raoul ndi chifukwa cha lamulo loyamba, lotchulidwa ndi sayansi wochokera ku France. Lamuloli ndi lolondola kokha kwa njira zowonongeka.

Kutsika kwa kutentha kozizira kwa njira zowonongeka moyenera zazomwe sizingatheke ndizomwe zimagwirizanitsa ndi momwe zimakhalire zothetsera mavuto, ndipo ziribe chidaliro chirichonse pa chinthu chochepetsedwa: T0fr-Tfr = Tfr = Km.

Kuwonjezeka kwa malo otentha a njira zowonongeka za zinthu zopanda mphamvu sizidalira mtundu weniweni wa chinthu chochepetsedwa, ndipo chimakhala chofanana mwachindunji ndi gawo limodzi la magawo: T0b-Tb = Tb = Em.

Nthawi zonse zofiira, zomwe ndi coefficient E, ndi kusiyana pakati pa nthawi yowonjezera yothetsera ndi kutentha kwa yankho losasinthika.

Nthawi zonse kacoscopic, yomwe ndi coefficient K, ndi kusiyana pakati pa kuzizira kwa njira ndi kutentha kwa yankho losasinthika.