Chiphunzitso cha zida otumphukira ndalama

Economy zonse zikugwirizana ndi nambala yaikulu ya misika: sheya, ntchito, likulu, ndi ena ambiri. Koma zinthu izi zonse kuphatikiza zosiyanasiyana zoimbira chuma, zimene zosiyanasiyana zolinga.

Chiphunzitso cha zida otumphukira ndalama

chuma lili ndi mawu okhudzana ndi kugwira ntchito machitidwe ena, Boma, magulu msika. Lingaliro la opangidwa kuchokera ankagwiritsa ntchito zosiyanasiyana sayansi: sayansi, masamu, za mankhwala, ziwerengero zachuma, ndiponso zinthu zina. Iwo sangakhoze kuchita popanda iwo, ndi padziko lonse chuma, kuphatikizapo msika chuma ndi msika ndalama.

Kodi zikutanthauzanji ndilochokera pa?

Mu mau, ndilochokera wotchedwa gulu anapanga ku kukula wosavuta kapena mawonekedwe. Mu masamu, mfundo otumphukira kumachepetsa kupeza ntchito ndi differentiating ntchito pachiyambi. Physics amadziwa otumphukira mlingo wa kusintha kwa njira. Chiphunzitso cha zida otumphukira ndalama ndi ntchito iwo kuchita, zomwe ndi yogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe cha otumphukira wonse ndipo ndi mwachindunji othandiza ntchito mu msika chuma.

Otumphukira, kapena mfundo otumphukira zida sheya msika

Mawu "ndilochokera" (anachokera ku Germany) poyambirira ntchito potanthauza ndilochokera ku ntchito yake masamu, koma ndi za m'ma makumi awiri chimakhudzana anakakhala ku msika chuma, ndipo pafupifupi zilibe tanthauzo wapachiyambi. Today mfundo otumphukira sheya si yekha mtundu wake mu njira ya matanthauzo monga: sheya sekondale, otumphukira wa wachiwiri kuti otumphukira, chuma otumphukira, etc., amene alibe zotsatira pa tinganene ...

A otumphukira, chida ndalama kapena kuti 2 - pangano lokhazikika yaitali, umene uli pakati pa magulu awiri kapena kuposa, yokhala mwa katundu kuwombola kapena mwamwayi ndi nawo mabungwe ena azachuma, zochokera tanthauzo la mtengo tsogolo la amtengo kapena chida chenicheni Wapamwamba.

mbali kiyi wa zotumphukira

tanthauzo limeneli lili ndi zigawo zingapo kiyi, amene adza mfundo ndi mitundu ya ena ofanana:

1. Derevativ - mgwirizano uno, bwino lomwe awiri kapena chidwi maphwando kapena mabungwe. Malinga ndi mmene msika, ndipo koposa zonse, mtengo, mbali adzakhala wopambana, winayo - ndi woluza. Zimenezi zimayamba.
2. mgwirizano Financial akhoza formalized kudzera katundu kuwombola kapena kunja katundu kuwombola ndi nawo ma mayanjano a zochita pa dzanja limodzi ndi mabanki ndi sanali banki mabungwe a zachuma - pa ena. Kukhalapo kapena kusapezeka kwa kuwombola kwakukulukulu ndiyo kulunjika wa otumphukira a.
3. The otumphukira a dongosolo wachiwiri zachuma, komanso masamu, ali m'munsi kapena maziko. Pokhapokha ngati sayansi kuchepetsa zonse kuti ntchito yosavuta, msika chuma ukugwira ntchito ndi chuma chenicheni. Pa katundu kuwombola chuma chenicheni agawidwa m'magulu anayi: katundu kapena chuma chofunika (wotsimikiziridwa chofunika mfundo); sheya (m'matangadza, mgwirizano) ndi m'matangadza; wotuluka ndalama ndi zolinga (Mapangano apadera).
4. Amakhala pa mgwirizano - zimatengera pa yofanana ndalama chida. Kuona tsiku lenileni la chilango cha mgwirizano kuteteza zolinga ndi kuchepetsa mavuto mbali zonse. Koma monga ulamuliro, phindu kuchokera zambiri afika chimodzi chokha.

Otumphukira sheya: lingaliro, mitundu, cholinga cha ntchito

Mbali imodzi ya Kusinthanitsa monga gawo msika ndi kuti osati amachita ntchito ya "mitengo" (ndi chibadidwe ambiri misika kudziwika lero), komanso ngozi ya inshuwalansi. Kuti zimenezi zitheke, maphwando kugwirizana kulowa mgwirizano ndi kudziwa tsiku lenileni la kukhazikitsa, kuchepetsa mavuto anakhumudwitsa zomvetsa m'tsogolo.

Kuti zinthu chitsimikizo, amene kuonetsetsa kugwilizana ndi mapangano atathana yaitali, pali zitatu:

• Zam'tsogolo.
• Forward.
• Sankhula.

Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

Zam'tsogolo monga zosiyanasiyana zoimbira otumphukira ndalama

Zam'tsogolo anali apainiya pa katundu kuwombola ngati chida ndalama. A muyeso wa tirigu ndi mpunga makuponi zimatsimikizira kuti alimi ulimi phindu, kaya chaka kunapezeka kuti Muberekane kapena ayi.

Zam'tsogolo mapangano - mfundo zida otumphukira ndalama kugwirizana ndi mapeto a mgwirizanowo chofunika zam'tsogolo wa kugulitsa kalembera vutoli, mu nkhani iyi, maphwando kugwirizana okha pa mlingo wa kusinthasintha mu mtengo wa wodalirika ndipo ayenera kuti azisinthanitsa mpaka kukhwima "kuphedwa."

Pamene mgwirizano umene ulipo, mtengo akhoza zimasiyana kwambiri malingana ndi kusintha chuma, ndondomeko, zinthu msika, zinthu zachilengedwe, mitengo ya katundu ofanana. Ogula amapindula mitengo katundu ndi poyerekeza anthu amene mgwirizanowo anali anamaliza. Ndi mosemphanitsa.

Chochititsa chidwi mankhwala olakwika zam'tsogolo (makamaka kusinthanitsa) kuti pamapeto pake wosiyidwayo chuma chenicheni ndipo sizisonyeza mwaimvetsa mu chuma. Mtengo okwana zam'tsogolo, wachisanu mmodzi wa - phindu katundu, ndi zinayi asanu - ". Chiopsezo" mtengo

Forward kapena "kutsogolo" pangano

Forward pamodzi ndi mapangano ena m'gulu mfundo otumphukira zida ndalama msika, mbali mwamwayi. M'mawu ena, patsogolo kawirikawiri anawona pa katundu kuwombola, koma nthawi zambiri ndi anamaliza mwachindunji pakati pa amalonda a munthu kapena zinthu zosiyanasiyana za ntchito zachuma.

Forward mgwirizano kapena kutsogolo (kuchokera English "kutsogolo.") - mgwirizano ndi ntchito yobweretsa katundu m'nyengo mosamalitsa inayake. Monga Tingaone tanthawuzo, patsogolo zambiri ukugwira ntchito ndi chuma chofunika koposa sheya kapena zida ndalama. kusiyana kwina kwakukulu kuchokera kutsogolo cha zida zina kuti angathe kukhala kwa mankhwala si yovomerezeka kapena ntchito. Katundu kuwombola amaloledwa uphungu kuti zapita macheke okhwima pa khalidwe ndi kuvomereza mfundo lonse. Katundu kunja katundu kuwombola, lamulo limeneli sikuti ntchito. Udindo mankhwala zikudalira pa WOPEREKA ndi kuopsa - wogula.

Mtengo anavomera amatchedwa patsogolo mtengo yobereka. Pa nthawi ya mgwirizano ndi wosasintha. Koma popeza zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti zipani mavuto ena, Kusinthanitsa amapereka njira patsogolo zosiyanasiyana zimene mwinamwake otchedwa, koma kwenikweni ofanana patsogolo: kuwombola ndikupeleka ndi chitsimikizo kuti kugula, kugulitsa malonda ku yambiri.

Mapangano gawo pa katundu kuwombola

Korona ndi zida otumphukira chuma, zosiyana, mitundu ndi subtypes cha zimenezi mwina. Mpaka 1973, anakumana yekha pa kuphana chofunika, koma pambuyo zaka khumi anasanduka anathetsera zida wachiwiri msika chuma padziko lonse.

Tsopano pogwiritsa njira kungakhale pafupifupi kakatundu iliyonse: sheya, katundu akalozera, uphungu, chiwongola dzanja, kugula ndalama, ndi wofunika kwambiri kuposa china, wina chida ndalama. Yankho - ndilochokera pa dongosolo achitatu, superstructure pa superstructure zina ndalama.

Zochokera kumwamba, losatheka - izo formalized ndi yovomerezeka kuwombola atathana yaitali mgwirizano, kulola limodzi mwa magulu ufulu kuchita kapena ntchito udindo wake pansi mgwirizano. Patsogolo ndi zolinga ayenera kuchita njira - ayi. M'mawu ena, wogula kapena wogulitsa kwa kukhwima ya mgwirizano adzakhala ndi kugula kapena kugulitsa kuwombola amtengo, ngakhale kuthana opanda pake, ndipo chofukizira njira athawe tsoka ili.

Chiopsezo cha kukhalapo opangidwa kuchokera lachitatu dongosolo mu msika chuma

Kumbali ya chiopsezo inshuwalansi njira - zothandiza kwambiri ndalama chida. Komano, kupezeka kwa options ndi njira pa zimene mungachite kumathandiza kuti kulekana kwa msika ndalama msika kwenikweni malonda kuposa zida wina ndalama. Zosintha Stock mpweya msika unsecured ndalama, ndi pang'ono Kusakhazikika umakhala lonse mavuto azachuma padziko lonse. Pakuti kusokonekera kwa chuma padziko lapansi, chomwe zisakuyenda umamumvera kusokonekera zachilengedwe, chuma ndi ndale, izi ziri zoposa mokwanira. Sali kutali latsopano mavuto azachuma padziko lonse.