Chiwerengero cha m'dera Penza: kukula ndi osalimba

Dera limeneli lili pakati pa Volga ndi Don mitsinje, pamene pali Volga, Black Lapansi ndi zigawo Central, ndi chifukwa anthu ambiri a dera Penza ndi sakanikira kwambiri. Kaperekedwe tawuni yake kusonyeza udindo wapakatikati mwa madera ozungulira. Ngakhale zinthu zachilengedwe ndi nyengo, ndi yofanana ndi Black Lapansi, anthu a m'dera Penza amamuchititsa kukhala m'mizinda, ndi mlingo uwu ndi wamkulu kuposa madera oyandikana - ndi Tambov ndi Voronezh dera, ndi Saratov ndi Ulyanovsk - otsika. Onse m'chigawo Penza ndi kunyumba kwa 1.341.526 munthu malinga Rosstat (2017), lomwe - anthu 930 004 mu mzinda.

mbali

The m'tawuni ya m'dera Penza ndi zosakwana pafupifupi dziko, koma anthu ake pang'ono ndi pang'ono kuwonjezeka: mu 1990, ankakhala m'madera a m'tawuni ndipo anthu makumi asanu ndi atatu alionse, ndipo mu 2005, kale sikisite-sikisi. Izi, kumene, umboni osati weniweni wa mizinda, zizolowezi amenewa anaona kulikonse, chifukwa kumidzi wakhala akutaya anthu ake. Komanso ambiri a m'madera Russian, dera monocentric izi. The m'tawuni ya m'dera Penza wa theka anaikira mu likulu la hafu miliyoni. Ndi sing'anga kukula mzinda wa Kuznetsk - pakati mafakitale ndi Zarechny - sayansi, lomaliza anatseka mzinda wa Rosatom (CATF Penza-19). Otsala a mizinda (eyiti) - tiddly, oposa theka la iwo, ngakhale zikwizikwi anthu alibe.

Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti m'tawuni ya m'dera Penza (kupatulapo ya zitatu) amachititsa moyo theka-kumidzi, monga zomangamanga m'tauni ndi m'malo ofooka kulikonse. Komanso, mizinda yonse, kuphatikizapo Penza, zaka khumi otsiriza anthu ake kutaya. Izi akusonyeza kalembera wa dera Penza. Pa onse midzi ochepa yaing'ono (peresenti makumi awiri alionse anataika pa khumi) chifukwa perestroika anakomoka, monga kwina kulikonse, mbali chuma ogwira likulu lawo makampani chakudya ndi nyumba makina. Pakatikati dera ndi Zarechnyi kovuta kukhala ndi achinyamata dongosolo, koma pali anthu pang'ono ikutha.

ena ziwerengero

The kachulukidwe anthu a m'dera Penza pafupi kwambiri kuti pafupifupi mu Russia (European gawo la izo), pano anthu makumi awiri pa kilometre lalikulu. m'madera wakunja kwatawuni kuli anthu: mu mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu Penza, Kuznetsk - anthu makumi asanu ndi aŵiri pa kilometre lalikulu. Madera kum'mwera - ulimi, chifukwa chake okwana anthu khumi ndi ziwiri pa kilometre lalikulu. Chiwerengero cha m'dera Penza amakula pang'ono chifukwa osamukawo, komanso amachepetsa pang'ono mofulumira, chifukwa anthu kuchokera m'zigawo akusiya osati Penza.

Pamudzi Rural amakhala ndi midzi yaikulu ndi sing'anga-kakulidwe, omwe akuwapondereza mu Black Lapansi. Izi ndi pang'ono mitigates vuto kupeza anthu akumidzi kuti ntchito zofunika chikhalidwe. Komabe, pafupifupi khumi peresenti ya m'madera anthu a m'dera Penza zisakuyenda anataya. Chuma cha chuma dera ndipo ngati Motero, mavuto ntchito kukankha anthu m'nyumba zawo. Mwa njira, ndi kusamuka outflow zambiri oyandikana nawo, amene m'dera ndi monga chuma zotumphukira ndi kumene anthu kukhala ndi otsika ndalama - mu Mordovia, Ulyanovsk ndi Tambov zigawo. The chiyembekezo cha m'malo kuzimiririka ukuonekera: outflow anthu kumadera kwina, kumene malipiro pamwamba, chidzawonjezeka yekha.

mavuto

Koposa zonse, anthu a m'dera Penza amadwala kupanda yothandiza mu 2017. Pali zambiri zofunika kwambiri depopulation ndi kukalamba anthu, kuposa m'madera ena onse a m'dera Volga. Makamaka ogwetsa kupenta izi m'midzi. Kodi anthu ambiri m'dera Penza adzakhala zisanu - zaka khumi, ngati mulibe kukhwimitsa kwambiri kukopa anthu kuti mayiko amenewa chonde? Ziwerengero chabe wowopsa.

Ndalama ndi otsika. Aakulu mavuto anagwedeza m'dera lonse, ndi maganizo sanabadwe zapita makampani iliyonse (makamaka - okonza mawotchi), kapena ulimi. Sapeza chithandizo kuti anthu satero, chifukwa ntchito ndi anthu ambiri chuma mwamwayi. Mlingo wa maphunziro wakhala waponya kwambiri, chithandizo oyenerera pafupifupi sakudziwika akumidzi.

ubwino zotheka

Pang'onopang'ono zaposachedwapa ayamba kutuluka ndi mapindu ena chikhalidwe. Umenewu ndi ndalama mu dongosolo dera chuma, kotero kukula kwa ndalama ya anthu akuyembekezeka kukhala apamwamba. Mwachibadwa, kuphatikiza ntchito yabwino kwambiri nyengo: chikhalidwe kuno analengedwa kuti akulitse minda payekha, ulimi. Izi, kumene, pang'ono kumafeŵetsa mikhalidwe ya moyo wa anthu osauka kuperewera awo chuma. Mulimonsemo, makamakanso pachimake kuopseza njala. Komanso, mu nyengo ino ya matenda chikhalidwe si ambiri.

Ngakhale gawo la dera la chitukuko m'mbiri monga malonda ndi luso malo kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri kuti moyo anayeza, bata ndi yaitali. Komabe, chiwerengero ndi zolimbikitsa, monga dera ndi anatchulidwa monga kuleza okalamba ndi depopulating. Mlingo kubadwa ndi imodzi mwa zovuta kwambiri mu dziko, ndi wonse amafa ndi apamwamba kwambiri m'dzikolo. Zachilengedwe kuchepa anthu a m'dera Penza - gawo limodzi pa chaka, zomwe ndi kawiri kuposa mu dziko. Ndi m'midzi okalamba imfa chiŵerengero chiri choyipa manambala - peresenti makumi awiri! Ayenera kupereka kwathunthu kwa kuchuluka kwa anthu mu malo awa, ndipo m'zaka zingapo zapitazi, ntchito ndi pansi, zikuoneka kwapita.

Kusamuka ndi zotsatirapo

Penza anthu pang'ono mphamvu chifukwa cha kuchuluka anthu m'njira, koma kuchepa zachilengedwe akadali mkulu. Imfa n'chozama, kuposa akumidzi - khumi okha ndi peresenti theka, koma mlingo kubadwa sizikuwoneka kulimbikitsa mwa njira iliyonse, ndi ochepa kwambiri kuposa chija cholembedwa mu dziko - zosakwana peresenti eyiti. Zachitikiranji zimenezi? Chifukwa ndondomekoyi anayamba kuchokera m'nthawi ya Soviet Union, achinyamata kusiya kumidzi. Kapangidwe zaka dera lonse ndi ofanana ndi madera onse oyandikana ndi anthu awo okwezeka a anthu achikulire.

M'zaka makumi awiri, iwo anachoka wakuda okhazikika outflow kusamuka. Pomwepo adadza perestroika, ndi mlingo kubadwa kakusintha sakuyendetsa yaikulu ku 1985 kuti 2005 ndi chiwerengero cha ana anakana ndi pafupifupi magawo atatu. Zinali 22,5% ndipo anali 14,6%, umene uli pafupi ndi malo a zizindikiro koipa. ana ochepera yekha mu dera Nizhny Novgorod. Komabe, kuthamanga zaziwerengero ndi mkulu, anthu mazana asanu ndi limodzi mphambu makumi sangathe ntchito kwa zikwi wamphamvu anthu.

moyo amayembekezeka

Ataliatali outflow wofooka penapake pa mavuto nineties Komabe, kuchuluka kwa anthu osamukira m'dera Penza anali otsika, ngakhale zinthu kwambiri zachilengedwe ndi nyengo ndi mtengo wotsika kwambiri wa amoyo. Pamene maganizo kusamuka ku maiko CIS itatha, Penza dera tsopano anayamba kutaya anthu - mwa kanjedza m'mbuyomo.

Zingatanthauze kuti nyengo iyi, moyo amayembekezeka ziyenera kukhala. Kapena pafupi ndi onse Russian - zaka makumi asanu ndi limodzi mphambu zisanu ndi theka. Komabe, chithunzi ichi, mosiyana mumaganiza mu dziko, yafupika. Ndi moyo wautali m'dera Penza si bwino kwambiri. Makamaka otsika moyo amayembekezeka kwa anthu akumidzi - mu 2005 izo anakwana zaka makumi asanu mphambu zisanu ndi theka. Chifukwa - digiri yaikulu kuponderezedwa kwa mudzi.

zikuchokera National

The Russian Black lapansi nainte kasanu kapena kuposa anthu. Komabe, kudera Volga chikutanthauza ndi watanthauzo kwambiri, chifukwa ili ku mphambano za njira zitatu mitundu - Finno-Ugric, Turkic ndi Asilavo. The zikuchokera mitundu ndi osiyanasiyana ndi m'zigawozigawo. M'dera Penza kuposa peresenti eyite sikisi a Russian, mpumulo makamaka - Chitata ndi Mordvinians. Ndipo Shemysheyskom, Sosnovy Bor ndipo Neverkinsky District Izi dziko yandikulira anthu Russian.

Malinga ndi 1989 kalembera m'dera moyo Belarusians, Majipise, Ayuda Azerbaijanis, Ukrainians, Chuvash, ku Armenia, ku Germany, Chechens, Uzbeks, Lezgins, Poland, Kazakhs, Avars, Tajiks, Mari, Udmurt, Chitekimeni, Chikigizi, Lithuanians, Latvians, Komi ndi Ahelene - mafuko onse chiwerengero cha magawo kwa hundredths wa peresenti ya chonse cha anthu. Komanso iwo anakhala palibe yaying'ono, mosiyana Mordovians, Chitata ndi Chuvash.

Economy, ntchito

Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu zachuma yogwira dera Penza komanso alibe zotsatira zabwino: 66% pano, ndi m'dziko lonselo - 64% pafupifupi kukhalamo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti mu dongosolo akulu msinkhu ndi kuchuluka chiwerengero cha anthu akumidzi, Kumene ntchito ndi apamwamba, ndi asapita yachibadwa msika mu gawo la ulimi si anapanga osati mu 2005, ndipo lero iwo kusiya kwambiri wolakalakika.

Chiwerengero cha ntchito mu gawo mafakitale zaka khumi kuti 2005, anatsika ndi kuposa kotala. Makampani opanga kwambiri intensively kutaya cadres ake, ngakhale kupanga buku pang'ono ananyamuka. Zonsezi chikwiyire otaya ntchito gawo utumiki, koma ngakhale pano ndondomeko anali kupita pang'onopang'ono. gawo malonda peresenti makumi asanu ndi awiri mu zaka izi, koma chithunzi ichi ndi chodziwikiratu kusonyeza kwathunthu zenizeni: ziwerengero sangakhoze kuwerengera ntchito kuti si m'kaundula. zigawo maganizo ndi kuchepetsa yaikulu makampani ndi malipiro otsika antchito nthawi zonse kukula malonda ndi zina ntchito mwamwayi.

ndalama ya anthu

Mu 1999, maperesenti oposa makumi asanu ndi awiri a anthu a Penza dera zili ndi ndalama m'munsi kwambiri kuposa anakhazikitsa osachepera mlingo ang'onoang'ono. N'chifukwa chake dera wakhala mabvuto ambiri a Federation onse Russian. Amphamvu zachuma zachititsa kuti mpweya wambiri wa umphawi, kugula mphamvu ya ndalama anthu 'anali otsika kwambiri, ndi ulimi, imene amagwiritsa ntchito mbali yofunika kwambiri ya anthu, nthawi zonse analipira pang'ono.

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mlingo umphawi utachepa pang'ono. Komabe, dziko Kafukufuku amasonyeza peresenti sikisitini moyo osauka, ndi m'dera Penza kuchuluka ndi apamwamba, pa peresenti twente-seveni. Tsopano m'dera zizindikiro akhala pafupifupi chamadzi ndi zina Madera a dera Volga.

mankhwala

Indicators pa munda n'zosatheka chaka thanzi. Moyo amayembekezeka akadali zimachepa. TB zochitika kumapha zosakwana mu Russia wonse, koma ndi wapamwamba kwambiri kuposa chiwerengero cha anthu omwalira chifukwa matenda a mtima, amenenso chifukwa kukalamba anthu. Infant imfa mu nineties anali poyerekeza kanjedza m'dzikolo, koma mu chaka, ndipo ntchito imeneyi atayika Penza dera. Panali zaka pamene naye sanathe poyerekeza ndi dera lina lirilonse la dzikolo.

Development ndi kupezeka kwa chithandizo m'dera - zambiri ndi byword. Apa ndi otsika kundipatsako kwa madokotala - madokotala makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri pa anthu zikwi khumi, ndiye sikisite chitatu cha zigawo za dziko. Only mu Penza chithunzi ichi apamwamba - madokotala sikisite kwa anthu zikwi khumi. M'madera akumidzi ndithudi molimba kuchepekedwa chisamaliro.

mapangidwe

Maphunziro dera, nayenso, mu njira zambiri kuseri m'madera oyandikana nawo. peresenti sikisitini okha a anthu achikulire kuposa zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ali ndi maphunziro apamwamba. Ndipo pafupifupi dziko pa 2002 kalembera ndi peresenti naintini. Mwa anthu a kumidzi a dera Penza maphunzilo apamwamba ndi peresenti zokha. Education m'munda ndi ofooka, kuyambira oyandikana malo yunivesite - Saratov ndi Samara - Mamembala chimakakamiza.

M'dera Penza mayunivesite boma asanu, koma maukonde nthambi ndi underdeveloped. ntchito yophunzitsa msika si kukula, chifukwa anthu ndi ndalama zochepa kwambiri. Ophunzira maphunziro ambiri, koma m'munsi ndi otsika. Yakhala kuli mabungwe maphunziro awo oyamba.