Economic chitukuko cha Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20: tebulo. Komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale chitukuko cha Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20. Features chitukuko chuma Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20

chitukuko chuma Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20 anali limodzi ndi mapangidwe bizinesi. Izi anasonyeza kukula kwa entrepreneurship, kusintha kwa kupanga ndi kuwonjezeka mu buku la malipiro ntchito, zamakono kukulitsa amakampani. Panali chachiwiri zamakono zisinthe, omwe chinachitikira ndi mafakitale ndi. Ndi kukweza kwa linanena bungwe m'mafakitale dziko walowa pamwamba asanu, pamodzi ndi Germany, France, Britain ndi United States.

Features chitukuko chuma Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka 19-20

Nthawi imeneyi, dongosolo capitalist walowa latsopano, siteji okhawo. Tinayamba kupanga mayanjano lalikulu ndalama ndi mafakitale. Economic chitukuko cha Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20 Mwachidule, linapereka kwa merging ndalama ndi likulu mafakitale. magulu Industrial ndalama atsatira nthawi imeneyi udindo lalikulu pa chuma cha dziko. Iwo zonse malonda ndi kupanga mankhwala, mitengo akonzedwa, gawani dziko muzochitika za chikoka. Zofuna za magulu mafakitale ndi ndalama anayamba kugonjera malamulo kunja ndi mkati mwa maiko otukuka.

okhawo bizinesi

Iye anakhudza komanso umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko ndale wa Russia. Mu zaka za m'ma 20, dziko anapanga makhalidwe yakeyake okhawo bizinesi. Izi zimapangitsa zinthu zina. Choyamba, boma zapita dongosolo pasanafike m'mayiko ambiri European. Ofunika anali ndi mbali lawolawo la Russia. Dziko ali gawo lalikulu ndi zikhalidwe zosiyana nyengo imene imakhudza chitukuko m'goli. Pa nthawi yomweyo komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale chitukuko cha Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20 zinachitika pang'onopang'ono. Anakhalabe autocracy, landlordism, kubadwa lochitira, kupondereza magulu ena a anthu.

Economic chitukuko cha Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20: mwachidule

makampani Capitalist ndi chuma ali pamodzi ndi gawo zomwe zikutsalirazi ulimi. Mu masika anakhalabe njira theka-ang'onoang'ono a kasamalidwe ndi umwini. Capitalist kusanduka m'midzi alibe nthawi mlingo mokwanira mkulu wa patsogolo mafakitale. Chifukwa, izo anaona m'goli chitukuko chuma Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20. mabizinesi ikuluikulu anaikira mu nyengo m'madera asanu: pa Trans-Caucasus, South, North-West, Ural ndipo Central. chikhalidwe chawo zikusiyana ndi chimanga chosakhwima mafakitale dongosolo gawo lalikulu la dziko.

mphamvu

Autocracy, yodziwika wamphamvu dongosolo malamulo ndi bourgeoisie ndi ofooka anakonzeratu yogwira boma kulowelera mu mapangidwe okhawo bizinesi. Izi anasonyeza mfundo osokonekera ndi malamulo lamulo la ndondomeko ya chilengedwe cha kuphangira, thandizo ndalama za Bank State amakampani lalikulu, ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka pakati Mapangano boma. Akuluakulu ena a boma anali zida loyang'anira za magulu wamphamvu mafakitale zachuma. mabanki Major akhala motsogoleredwa ndi mayiko kale pamwamba. akuluakulu zambiri anali ndi asilikali, malonda, m'madipatimenti zachuma. Economic chitukuko cha Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20 zinachitika mothandizidwa ndi zofuna za nzika ndi oimira okhawo bourgeoisie.

The stratification

Inali mbali yofunika ya chitukuko chuma Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20. The stratification anapanga kusinthitsa ambiri mochedwa chifukwa bizinesi. Ofunika anali dziko njala osauka, komanso ngati khama miyambo za makolo akale mu chikumbumtima cha anthu. Private capitalist moyo (mabanki ndi mafakitale, ndi kulaks tidakocheza zigawo) pamodzi ndi ang'ono-ang'ono (zamanja artisanal) ndi theka-ang'onoang'ono (wamba kupanga).

katundu likulu

Mosiyana ndi mayiko ena, Russia zimagulitsidwa kunja kwa dzikoli ndi yaing'ono chuma chokwanira. Ichi chinali chifukwa chosowa ndalama mwini wa dziko ndi mwayi wochuluka kusamutsidwa mkati kumpoto kwa gawo European ku Central Asia, Siberia. zofunikazo ndalimbikitsidwa ndi mtima wofuna phindu owonjezera chifukwa kukhalapo chuma chachikulu ndi ntchito wotchipa. ndalama zakunja kubwera ku dziko kupyolera mabanki zoweta. Pa gawo la boma, anakhala mbali ya likulu lake. Ndalama padera mu vuto la zachuma. Mu Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20 anali mwachangu ndalama ya zomangamanga, kupanga, migodi. mawonekedwe Kugawilidwa kwanthaka chimathandiza kofulumiraku mafakitale ndi kusintha kwa boma anachenjeza ndi zopangira mafuta a mphamvu Western.

makampani

Iwo yathandiza yaikulu pa umoyo ndi zachuma chitukuko cha Russia. M'ma 20 zinali zodzaza ndi mavuto padziko lonse. Iwo anatuluka pambuyo kuwuka ambiri mwa 90s wa m'zaka za m'mbuyomo. Mu Russia, vuto mafakitale anali ambiri pachimake. Dziko kuchepetsa mitengo uphungu zofunika, zikuchepa yafupika kupanga anayamba misa ulova. State thandizo sanali okwanira mafakitale. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, makampani ambiri akhala opanda pake ndipo zinatha. mavuto chatithandizira osati mafakitale komanso gawo ulimi. Kutha kwambiri kumva zinthu pa anthu, iye chikwiyire lalikulu mavuto a zandale.

kukula monopolization

mavuto akupitiriza kupanga cartels. Iwo anaonekera mu Russia kwa zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa. mamembala Cartel anavomera pamlingo kupanga zikhalidwe za kugulitsa katundu ndi ndondomeko wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa antchito. Pamodzi ndi kuyanjana likugwiritsidwa wodzilamulira mu ntchito zawo. Mu 1901 Bryansk, Putilov ndi nambala ya sitima mbewu zina anali ogwirizana "Prodparovoz". Tinayamba kupanga mitundu yatsopano ya okhawo - syndicates. Mayanjano amenewa amalamulidwa ndondomeko ya kulandira malangizo, kugula zipangizo. Syndicates mgwirizano mitengo ndi kusunga kugawa centralized katundu. Companies kuti anali m'gulu zinthu zimenezi, anakhalabe wodzilamulira mu gawo mafakitale. Mu 1902 inakhalapo mu zitsulo syndication. Iwo anali "Truboprodazha" ndi "Prodamet". Patapita nthawi, dzinali lakhala olengedwa mayanjano makampani migodi ( "Nobel-wamafuta", "Produgol").

nthawi stagnation

Ku Ulaya, kuyambira 1904 amalembedwa kuwonjezeka mafakitale. Mu Russia, kupanga loyamba 1908 ndi mavuto anayamba. chikhalidwe ichi chifukwa cha zinthu ziwiri. Choyamba, anakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka lakuthwa mu chikhalidwe zachuma komanso ya boma chifukwa ndalama yaikulu mu Chirasha Japanese nkhondo ya 1904-1905. kungasokoneze gawo kupanga ndi kusintha kwa 1905-1907. Kwambiri yafupika ndalama makampani, ulimi uwonongedwe.

kuchira

Iye anadza mu 1909-1913 biennium. Industrial kukula anali chifukwa cha phindu mu kugula mphamvu ya nzika pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti mu 1906 wa ndalama chiwombolo, komanso kusintha mu gawo zaulimi (1906-1910.). Kutembenuka kwambiri anapita ku capitalist chitukuko cha ulimi. Kuwonjezeka malamulo asilikali boma chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu pa dziko kunathandiza kuti Boom mafakitale. Nthawi imeneyi, ndondomeko monopolization chinakula kwambiri. Tinayamba kupanga mabungwe atsopano malonda ( "Magetsi," "waya"), komanso mabungwe ndi kukhulupirira. Yotsirizira imatengedwa mtundu wapamwamba owona. Amatsanzira zopangira m'zigawo, kupanga ndi malonda mankhwala itatha. Anasintha nkhawa chitukuko zokhudzana mapangidwe gulu zachuma mafakitale. Iwo pamodzi mabizinesi kuchokera kumabungwe osiyanasiyana pa maziko a likulu banki. Ndi kuchuluka kwa monopolization la Russia anali wotangwanika ndi m'mayiko olemera a ku Ulaya.

ulimi

Ngakhale kukula mofulumira mafakitale nchito zaulimi m'dziko ankaona zabwino yokoka chuma awo enieni. Mugone Capitalist mu ulimi inakhazikitsidwa pang'onopang'ono. Ichi chinali chifukwa kuteteza landlordism, agro-luso backwardness, kusowa malo Amaya, Gona m'dera m'midzi. Pa nthawi yomweyo chitukuko chuma Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20 anali limodzi ndi mizinda. Tinayamba kukula malo mafakitale, kuchuluka kwa anthu m'tauni, anayamba maukonde zoyendera. Zonsezi zinathandiza kuti kuwonjezeka kwa malonda a gawo la ulimi mu misika kunja ndi zoweta.

Mitundu ya ntchito m'dziko ndi umwini

Kumayambiriro a zaka za m'ma 20 ku Russia, iwo anapanga ochepa. Mu umwini patokha dziko akadali chimakhala chogwidwa ndi zigawo tidakocheza (lalikulu zigawo). Awa, m'misika anabwera pafupi theka la chakudya. wotchuka kwambiri anapanga capitalist ziŵalo. M'zigawo ankagwiritsa ntchito antchito, kumawonjezera mlingo wa chitukuko agro-luso. Zimenezi zinathandiza kuonjezera marketability ndi profitability. Ena landlords anapereka gawo la pangano dziko ndi kulandira malipiro mu mawonekedwe a m'ndende. M'zigawo 20% theka-ang'onoang'ono anali njira imodzi. zigawo izi pang'onopang'ono uwonongedwe. Pambuyo kugula kuphangira dziko mabanki ndi chiwerengero cha achepetse bourgeois (Morozova, Ryabushinskys etc.), zachitika mtundu watsopano wa nthawi dziko. Eni mayiko amenewa anali capitalist akafuna chuma.

anthu

Malinga ndi mlingo wa mizinda mu Russia kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20 anali dziko akumidzi. anthu mzinda wa anthu pafupifupi 30 miliyoni. (18% ya chonse cha anthu). Gawo limodzi la anthu anaikira mu malo lalikulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu St. Petersburg, panali 2 miliyoni mu Moscow - zochepa zambiri. Anthu ambiri akhazikike mu mzindawo yaing'ono malonda ndi waluso. nzika sanali zokhudza ntchito zomera kupanga. A ambiri anthu malonda ndi mafakitale anakhalabe m'midzi.

chuma

Iwo imalongosola mitundu boma ndi oziyimila paokha likulu banki. Main malo wotanganidwa State Bank. Iye amagwira ntchito ziwiri zofunika: ngongole ndi chilungamo. State Bank anapitiriza okhawo opatsidwa ndi ngongole onse malonda ndi mabizinezi mafakitale. Kukula kwa dongosolo ngongole ya olowa katundu mabanki malonda achita nawo mwachangu. Iwo ankaganiza pa 47% ya chuma okwana. Pamaziko a mabanki awa anapanga oligarchy chuma, zomwe kunagwirizana kwambiri otchuka aakulu ndi bureaucracy.

Pomaliza

Ife tafotokozazi malangizo yayikulu kwambiri mu kukula chuma Russia m'zaka za m'ma 20. Gome m'munsimu lili mwachidule mfundo zokhudza mbali zonse.

Mu dziko lonse taonera njira kugwirizana mafakitale ndi monopolization. mfundo zachuma boma umalimbana mofulumira mayendedwe a chitukuko mafakitale ankasiyana protectionist. boma anachita zinthu zambiri, anayambitsa mapangidwe ubale capitalist. Pankhaniyi, mphamvu anakuphunzitsani kale ntchito njira m'mayiko ena. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 20, kwambiri kuchepetsa backlog la Russia ku mphamvu akutsogolera ufulu chuma anali wotetezedwa. boma ali ndi mwayi kuchititsa yogwira mfundo yachilendo.