Mafuta kuyenga, pulayimale ndi sekondale processing mafuta

mafuta fractionated kupeza mafuta mu magawo awiri, i.e. mafuta distillation umadutsa processing pulayimale ndi sekondale.

The ndondomeko ya kuyenga chachikulu

Mu stepi ino, ndi distillation imagwiridwa madzi m'thupi isanafike ndi desalting wa mafuta pa zipangizo zina zapadera kwa kulekana kwa salt ndi zosafunika zina, yomwe INGATHE kuyambitsa dzimbiri ya zida ndi kuchepetsa amasokoneza mafuta. Kenako, mafuta onse opezeka 3-4 kokha mg ndi mchere pa lita osati oposa 0.1% madzi. The mankhwala okonzeka ndi wokonzeka distillation.

Chifukwa chakuti chimasanduka madzi otentha pa kutentha osiyana, chuma ichi ntchito mu mafuta kuyenga kupeza therefrom ndi tuzigawo twa munthu ndi nthawi zosiyana kuwira. Distillation wa ayenga mafuta yoyambayi inathandiza kusiyanitsa ndi tuzigawo twa zotsatirazi monga kutentha: petulo (zithupsa pa 180 ° C ndi pansi), kwakusiyana mafuta (zithupsa pa 180-240 ° C) ndi dizilo (zithupsa pa 240-350 ° C). Kuchokera distillation mafuta mafuta chikhalire.

The mafuta ndondomeko ndi wosiyana ndi distillation otentha kutentha mu tuzigawo twa (zigawo). Chifukwa ndi mankhwala chofunika mafuta kapena zigawo zawo. Mafuta kuyenga ndi siteji koyamba kwa processing ake pa zomera apadera.

Pamene mkangano, gawo nthunzi aumbike, zikuchokera zosiyana kwa madzi. Mafuta tuzigawo twa akamagwira distillation zambiri si koyera mankhwala ndi hydrocarbon kusakaniza. chimasanduka munthu angathe kusiyana kokha mwa distillation angapo a tuzigawo twa mafuta.

Molunjika distillation wa mafuta ikuchitika

- kung'anima evaporation njira (otchedwa mgwirizano distillation) kapena zophweka distillation (fractional distillation);

- kapena wopanda rectification;

- kugwiritsa ntchito wothandizila evaporating;

- pansi zingalowe ndi pa kuthamanga mumlengalenga.

Mgwirizano distillation zochepa bwino alekanitsa mafutawo tuzigawo twa kuposa distillation yosavuta. Choncho mkhalidwe nthunzi pa kutentha chimodzimodzi woyamba limayenda mafuta kuposa wachiwiri.

Fractional distillation mafuta amapereka mwayi kupeza utsi zosiyanasiyana (mafuta, dizilo ndi mafuta ndege), ndi zopangira (benzene, xylenes, ethylbenzene, ethylene, butadiene, propylene), solvents, ndi mapulogalamu ena.

Kenako imagwiridwa ndi sekondale mafuta distillation mankhwala analandira kale kuchokera akulimbana otchedwa.

The ndondomeko ya kuyenga yachiwiri

mafuta Secondary kuyenga ikuchitika ndi mankhwala kapena matenthedwe othandizira pogawanikana pamawere la mankhwala kuti wosiyana izo ndi mafuta distillation chachikulu. Akamatere kuchuluka wamkulu wa tuzigawo twa mafuta, komanso zipangizo za ulimi wa chimasanduka onunkhira (toluene, benzene, ndi ena). Njira ambiri ndi sekondale yoyenga mafuta akulimbana.

Akulimbana ndondomeko amatchedwa mkulu-kutentha processing mafuta ndi tuzigawo twa akutali kupeza (makamaka) katundu kumene ang'onoang'ono maselo kulemera. Zikuphatikizapo galimoto mafuta, mafuta a kondomu ndi m. P., zipangizo petrochemical ndi mankhwala makampani. Patsogolo akulimbana udzachitika ndi yopuma nsinga C-C ndi mapangidwe ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu kapena carbanions. Chophukacho wa C-C nsinga imagwiridwa imodzi ndi dehydrogenation wa, isomerization, polymerization ndi condensation a intermediates ndi zipangizo kuyambira. Njira yotsirizira awiri kupanga zotsalira losweka, i.e. nusu otentha pamwamba 350 ° C ndi coke.

Mafuta kuyenga akulimbana njira anali okhala mu 1891 ndi V. G. Shuhovym ndi Gavrilov S., ndiye njira izi zomangamanga mobwerezabwereza W. Barton pomanga woyamba mwa kubzala US.

akulimbana ndi ikuchitika ndi Kutentha zipangizo yaiwisi kapena catalysts, komanso kukhudzana ndi kutentha.

Akulimbana limakupatsani muzisankha mafuta mafuta zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika kwambiri.