Engineering ma

Chamoyo chilichonse moyo wapangidwa ndi maselo: ku tizilombo chisawawa apamwamba. zamoyo apamwamba zigwirizana ziwalo, ziwalo zigwirizana zimakhala, zimakhala ndi lopangidwa ndi maselo. katundu onse a chamoyo chilichonse ofunitsitsa ndi matupi athu wake, umene uli maselo (chilichonse cha maselo a chamoyo).

Malinga ndi ena deta matupi a ntchentche wamba ndi anthu omwewo kumpanda atatu. Palibe zodabwitsa mu. Maziko a majini - deoxyribonucleic asidi - DNA - amanyamula mfundo zonse za ntchito yomanga mapuloteni onse, ndi sayansi ya chamoyo, pamene cholowa cha "maonekedwe", kukula ndi kulemera kwa chitsanzo cha mitundu, zikuoneka, wapatsidwa osati kwambiri. Mwachidule, Darwin ndi mwamtheradi zolondola, ndi kusanduka pa wina limasonyeza nodal mfundo ndi kuwuluka ndi munthu. Ndipo chipembedzo silimadzitsutsa, chifukwa amakhala yekha mfundo za chilengedwe cha moyo ndi Mulungu, koma si zonse luso lokha.

Gene ndi Cell Engineering (ili mfundo inayake) chikuchita ndi ubale pakati pa chipangizo DNA ndi katundu cholowa cha zamoyo. Kumene, iwo okhala ndi njira zimenezi, amene ntchito Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya Mendel, ndipo sanayese n'komwe ndimalota.

selo zomangamanga njira ndi panthawi imeneyi kuti akatswiri ndi makombo a DNA ku zamoyo osiyana ndi anaikapo iwo mu DNA a chamoyo ndi asankhidwa kukhala chinthu kuphunzira. Njira imeneyi ndi chinenero asayansi amene ngati mawu luso, amatchedwa mawu a DNA zophatikizananso. Monga chida watengedwera ya chiletso enzyme - yeniyeni bakiteriya michere angathe anadziphatika DNA. Iwo amatchedwa mophiphiritsa - mipeni kwachilengedwenso.

Kukhala jini (transgene) asonkha zidutswa anati, anaikapo kukhala DNA, wotchedwa vekitala, natisunthitsa mu maselo kumene replicates (kuchulukana) yekha kapena pambuyo kaphatikizidwe ndi khromozomu "nzika". Apa pali mavuto ambiri ndi zida, chifukwa chakuti n'kofunika kulowa m'chipinda tosaoneka ndi mphamvu, koma popanda tsankho kuti kukhulupirika kwake. Chifukwa cha ichi ambiri njira zotsatirazi kwambiri chifukwa njira zachilengedwe kuti iyi yosatheka. Ndithudi, palibe chinsinsi, monga kusanduka ali sinabweretse chilichonse M'malo mwake, ndinaika gulu la zopinga mu kusankha zamoyo.

A cholinga kuti wanyamula zomangamanga selo: kupeza mankhwala, Kupha mitundu apamwamba zomera nakulitsa, chilengedwe cha Mitundu latsopano la nyama, monga chimbuzi - ndiyotani pakuchotsa lotukuka matenda onse. Anthu amene amati (sindikufuna kuwatcha obscurantist) ayenera kukumbukira kuti munthu mmodzi yekha kupanga insulin chakupulumutsa ndipo adzapulumutsa anthu mamiliyoni odwala matenda ashuga ndi prolongs miyoyo yawo kwa zaka zambiri!

Nkhawa kukonza majini ochokera ku kubadwa kwake mu 1972, gulu la P. Berg (USA) apanga woyamba zophatikizananso DNA ku oncogenic HIV SV40 ndi E.coli anyani. Last - ndi E. coli, popanda munthu sangakhoze kukhala moyo. Ndipo anamanga kachilombo komwe kamayambitsa khansa. Asayansi kwenikweni mantha ndipo analibe ngakhale kupitiriza kugwira ntchito pa nthawi imeneyo. Panali nthawi yaitali zochitika za kafukufuku ziyang'aniridwe a boma, lomwe angafanane ndi ulamuliro wa ntchito zida za nyukiliya.

Mwamwayi, zovuta ndi mtengo wa ntchito jini kwachilengedwenso angafanane mu Kuvuta ndi mtengo wa kafukufuku atomiki, choncho sangakwanitse zigawenga angathe.

Ndipotu, kukonza ichi ma - lupanga awiri konsekonse - amatha kuika munthu zaka zambiri za moyo ngati iye akufuna yekha, komanso mungathe zinabweretsa tsokali choipitsitsa kwa zamoyo zonse. Musati kukangana mwake imatsimikizirika, ndi "nkhani mtengo" amadziwika. Izi zidalira pa amene oyera kapena manja zauve ndi zomangamanga ma. Ndipo, pa zifukwa cholinga, kuti sangathe kukana kapena apitirize. Chitukuko cha sayansi umamumvera malamulo ake zoweta.