Mitundu ya zilembo. Mitundu ya zilembo boma

Kuyambira kale, anthu amagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilembo kugawana mfundo ndi anzawo. Asayansi, akatswiriwa anapeza mauthenga amenewa pa mapale, zidutswa makungwa, kapena zikopa. Ichi ndi chitsimikizo bwino kuti munthu polemba wakhala nthawizonse ndayesera kufotokoza maganizo awo ndi zokhumba zawo.

tanthawuzo

Chimodzi mwa njira kulankhulana pakati pa anthu ntchito yamanga chinenero ndi ntchito kulankhula. Bwaloli khama munthu wina, zomwe umalimbana kukwaniritsa cholinga chinachake. Pankhaniyi, ntchito mawu kuli mitundu monga kulankhula, kuwerenga, kumasulira, kulemba ndi zina zotero. D. Zonsezi ndi njira kulankhulana pakati pa anthu.

Kulemba monga mtundu wa ntchito mawu ndi dongosolo Kuthandiza zizindikiro. Izo ntchito kukonza chinenero audio. Koma nthawi yomweyo kalata ndi wodziimira kulankhulana dongosolo kuti ali zingapo zochititsa chibadidwe iye yekha basi. Kupatula kujambula ntchito mawu umakhalapo anthu mwayi wophunzira chidziwitso cha mibadwo yapita, ndi kukuza kuchuluka kwa kulankhulana. M'mawu ena, kalata chimamanga anthu ngati kumene kulibe n'zotheka kulankhulana mwachindunji mogwirizana ndi alekane ndi nthawi kapena malo.

Chinachake mosiyana anamasulira akuti Russian chinenero mabuku a m'zaka za m'ma 18. M'masiku amenewo mawu "kalata" kuwonjezera makalata ndi lemba pa pepala ndipo anamvetsa wolemba analemba nkhani, kapena malonda. kutanthauzira anapatsidwa ndi liwu kuti mogwirizana ndi chikoka kwambiri a chinenero cha Chipolishi ku Russian, umene unachitika mu nthawi imeneyo.

Masiku ano kalata anakhalabe chachikulu - Ntchito zambiri. Komabe, kwambiri kukodzedwa mndandanda wa modes wa kufala kwa uthenga. Choncho, lero kalata lilipo ndi e-mail, komanso ntchito zosiyanasiyana zinthu matumizidwe ophatikizika amawu, nyimbo ndi zithunzi (images, zomvetsera kapena kanema tatifupi).

gulu la Mauthenga

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mauthenga ndi chibwenzi. Choyamba, iwo agawanika pa pepala, ndi miyambo ndi zipangizo.

Yoyamba ndi makalata makalata a mitundu yosiyanasiyana, mu envelopu womata. mauthenga amenewa kutali sender ake kuti wolandila.

losiyanasiyana maimelo anatumiza pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono kulankhulana (kudzera e-mail, kucheza, video, ndi zina zotero. D.), Kwenikweni, si zosiyana ndi chikhalidwe. Iwo, monga akapolo anzawo akale, ndi sender cha ndipo adiresi olandila ndi waukulu pazankhani malemba, siginecha, tsiku ndi zina zotero. D. Komabe, mitundu zamagetsi mwa makalata ndi njira yapadera kulankhulana. Ndi thandizo lawo, anthu akhoza kulankhula ndi kukambirana mode, teleconferencing, etc. D. M'mawu ena, imelo ndi mpata waukulu umunthu, akupereka mauthenga aliyense masekondi pa Kankhani wa athandizira batani.

Pali gulu lina, malinga ndi zimene mitundu ikuluikulu ya zilembo izi:

1. Friendly. Lembani iwo bwino kwa anthu amoyo, kawirikawiri m'dera lina.
2. Chikondi. Iwo kulemba achikondi amene alibe kanthu koma zinatha mu dziko masiku ano. Makalata amenewa, wodzala ndi maganizo, monga masiku akale, kupitiriza ulendo nyumba ndi nyumba, anawoloka malire a m'madera kumayiko m'maiko.
3. Malonda. cholinga chawo chachikulu ndi wachibale malonda. Today mu Russia, makalata amenewa basi kuyambira kuti akhale otchuka, kuwonjezeka Mavoliyumu osauka chaka ndi chaka. Malowa angakhale monga mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zotsatsa malonda, zolengeza a kukwezedwa ndi zina zotero D..
4. Business. kalatayi cholinga makasitomala ndi abwenzi, akapitawo ndi akuluakulu. Kutumiza makalata amenewa ali mosamalitsa ankalamulira. kalata ayenera nthawi yolondola pofalitsa nkhani zofunika kwa iye.

Pali mitundu ina ya mauthenga. Choncho, pali kalata, amene anaphatikiza Chidule cha imatumizidwa kazembe, ndi akonzi, ndi akazembe, komanso luso thandizo.

Kufunika makalata malonda

Mu kukafola nduna kalata munthu chodziwikiratu kuti aganizire mfundo yakuti njira ya kamangidwe kake ndi ulaliki wopukutidwa kwa zaka zambiri. zilembo Business, monga zinalili kale, ndi njira yofunika kwambiri ya kulumikizana pakati pa mabungwe osiyanasiyana. Pa nthawi yomweyo ali limodzi generic dzina - "Mkulu kalata". mfundo zimenezi zimaphatikizapo zosiyanasiyana zikalata okhutira, wasenza malinga ndi alendo alipo ndipo anajambulitsa ndi fax, makalata kapena njira ina iliyonse. Lemba makalata amenewa akhale olondola, kulemba ndi zolondola. Pa izi kudzadalira mwachindunji pa yankho la vuto, choncho bwino ogwira wonse.

Nkhani makalata malonda

Drafting n'losavuta ( "pismovnikov") munali zitsanzo zolembedwa, linayamba Russia m'zaka za m'ma 18. Zofunika mabuku amenewa anali "formulyarniki" imene ankagwiritsa ntchito mu West pofika m'zaka za m'ma 7.

Atsogoleri onse ali ndi mawu zokhudza chikalatacho, komanso ndondomeko zawo. Zinali ngati zopereka improvised alembi. Awa, izo zikanakhala zotheka kudziwa za ntchito yomanga chikalatacho, komanso kuti adziwane bwino ndi ya zidindo mawu ndi ziganizo zomwe ndi mbali yofunika ya zodyera boma.

Chimodzi cha "pismovnikov" mitundu anali "titulyarnik". Mu chopereka mfundo zokhudza momwe chizindikiro cha zonse achifumu mutu.

Anali "pismovnike" ndipo amafuna kuti kulemba mlembi, ndi mtundu ndi khalidwe la pepala. makalata onse imatumizidwa envulopu, amene anasindikizidwa sera kapena kokulumunya.

Pa nthawi Soviet ya mtundu wanyimbo a kalata malonda, anatengera mu Imperial Russia anali chabe anataya monga chidina zakale. Boma Soviet saganizira kufunika makalata malonda. Komanso, kusowa kupikisana ndi ufulu ogwira ntchito mosatsata kufunika kulankhula ndi kubweretsa mfundo zokondera naye za chiyambi cha mgwirizano.

Mitundu ya zilembo malonda

Panopa, palibe makalata boma samachita bungwe lirilonse umodzi. m'makalata Official ntchito pothetsa mavuto ambiri ntchito zimene zimachitika malonda ndi kuzisamalira.

M'kalata iliyonse malonda - palibe kanthu ngati uthenga mudziwe atasenza khalidwe malamulo. N'chifukwa chake makalata amenewa umamumvera kalembera, ndi lipoti m'kamwa mwa ophatikidzana sichimachotsa kufunika yamakalata ake.

Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilembo boma. Pankhaniyi, gulu lawo zimadalira zinthu zimene chibadidwe iwo. Choncho, amasulidwe:

• zilembo Official kuti afunikira kuyankhidwa. Izi kalata makalata pempho chofunika, makalata a Buku , ndi zina zotero. D.
• Business makalata, amene sikutanthauza yankho. Zikuphatikizapo makalata chenjezo, makalata chikumbutso, ndi zina zotero D..

Business makalata akhoza wachinsinsi ndi mbali structural. Monga pali mitundu ya mauthenga utumiki motsatirana thereto, onse muyezo ndi chisawawa. The woyamba tinapangidwa kuthana ndi mavuto okhudzana ndi zinthu zonse zachuma ndi malamulo. Ulaliki wa uthenga ndi mu lipoti lino analengedwa mu mawonekedwe a malembedwe a mtundu muyezo. Chisawawa ntchito makalata ali wolemba ofunda-zomveka Nkhani, wolembedwa mu chimango cha zodyera anavomera.

Thematic chizindikiro boma makalata alekanitsa malonda ndipo makalata malonda. Choncho, pali makalata, kuphimba malamulo, zachuma, chuma ndi zina mitundu ya ntchito. Iwo amatchedwa makalata malonda. Ngati malemba a kalata ku funso lili malonda kapena mmene kukumana, ndiye amaona malonda.

Pa malo a malonda m'makalata wolandira a lagawidwa zozungulira ndi zabwinobwino. Mtundu wachiwiri wa makalata ndi osiyana mu ku gwero mmodzi ndi lemba chomwecho imatumizidwa olandira angapo.

Ndalama komanso sanakwatire-mbali ndi Mipikisano faceted malonda m'makalata. Woyamba wa mitundu awiriwa kuganizira funso limodzi kapena vuto. lemba Multidimensional likusonyeza mbali zingapo (aya, bwana, zopempha).

Drafting makalata malonda

Onse makalata boma zikuphatikizapo zinthu zosiyanasiyana structural. Mu pepala pamwamba ndi malo chamutu. Mu malo ake kumanzere ngodya ya ogwira sitampu ndi dzina ndi imelo ndi mfundo zina za kampaniyo. Palinso tabulated chiwerengero cha zikalata kucheza ndi tsiku kulembetsa.

Pang'ono pansipa izi nkhonya ngodya ndi chamutu malemba a kalata, ndipo kenako mawuwo. Polemba chikalata ichi malamulo zotsatilazi ziyenela kuyan'anidwa:

• lemba ayenera anakhudzidwa ndi funso limodzi kapena angapo cholukanalukana;
• mu gawo loyamba la malemba azikhala chifukwa kulemba wake, ndipo lachiwiri - maganizo, mfundo, zochita, etc..
• m'makalata adzaikidwe pa A5 kapena A4 mapepala;
• pamaso pa ntchito zawo zimasonyeza m'munsimu malemba chachikulu.

Pa pansi ndi malo siginecha. Apa musankhe malo a munthu kusainira chikalatacho, komanso dzina lake ndi Maina.

Ngati mukufuna kulemba osiyanasiyana mauthenga mu English, German ndi zinenero zina, pamene zinalengedwera ayenera kuganizira peculiarities chifukwa cha kukafola makalata boma la dziko naye. Mwachitsanzo, pali malamulo osiyana kulemba masiku maadiresi ndi nkhani zina yeniyeni m'mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Malamulo kulemba makalata

Pakali pano, analemba makalata ambiri ndipo amakhala akuyesera kuti tizilumikizana ndi owerenga awo, zonse kuwaponya makalata ndi malangizo abwino. Komabe, pankhani imeneyi, pali malamulo ena zokhudza kufalitsidwa zomwe munthu chabe sakufuna kuona kompyuta.

Gawo zachilendo

Pali 5 mitundu makalata kuti sititumiza omvera. Njirazi ndi monga:

1. "Letters-mapepala", buku wotanganidwa ndi polojekiti kuposa wina.
2. "Letters zadolbashki" inatuma pafupipafupi zosasangalatsa.
3. "Kungapezeke Kalata" imene wolemba amapereka malangizo "timudziwe bwino" ndi chirichonse zothandiza. Kuti mupeze mfundo zimenezi, owerenga kudina pa kugwirizana lotchedwa naona phunziro kapena maphunziro. Chotero okhudzidwa malo gulu lina mofulumira amachepetsa chiwerengero cha omvetsera pachiyambi.
4. "Letters partisans" anatumidwa ndi woyambitsa mailings zosiyanasiyana m'munsi chomwecho makasitomala.
5. "Letters chodabwitsa." Zikuphatikizapo makalata ndi unsightly pamene kulowa imelo ku foni kapena piritsi. N'chifukwa chake mu yokonza mawu alionse muyenera kuonetsetsa kuti akhale kuwerenga chimodzimodzi ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana za zipangizo.

Kalata njira ya chitukuko cha anthu

Zikhulupiriro kulanda zizindikiro likutipatsa pa pepala, anthu kuphunzira, kukhala pa zaka sukulu. Izo zinali mu zaka izi akulemba ngati ntchito mwapadera. Chikhumbo bwino ndipo mwamsanga kuonetsa maganizo awo pa pepala umboni kuti munthu bwino kulemba awo. Komanso, zamaganizo ambiri amati peculiarity wa kulankhula, anasamutsira pa pepala kwagona kuti si chizolowezi zala ndi manja. kalata ndi njira ntchito yogwira chidziwitso, ndi kutengedwa yake umakhudza ndondomeko mapangidwe abwino.

Kalata pulayimale

Timudziwe bwino dziko chodabwitsa wa kulankhula kuwonetsera pa ana pepala kuyambira kalasi loyamba. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ophunzira ayamba kuzindikira kuti pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zilembo. Chidule cha phunziro la mphunzitsi pa phunziro ayenera kukhala ndi zolinga za gawoli. Pogona mu ankadziwa ndi mtundu wanyimbo makalata ana a mu chitukuko cha mawu coherent, kalembedwe maso, reche-Makutu ndi kukumbukira zithunzi maluso abwino galimoto ndi dera maganizo.

Pa nkhani imeneyi aphunzitsi akufotokoza kwa ana a udindo ankaimba ndi kalata miyoyo ya anthu. Zimenezi zimathandiza kukhala maluso a sukulu. Ana oleredwa collectivism, anapeza zinachitikira koyamba makalata maganizo, kapangidwe ndi kulemba.

zachilendo zikuchokera

Pa maphunziro kusukulu ya Chirasha ndi mabuku sekondale, nthawi zina anapereka ntchito kwambiri. mphunzitsi limapereka ana kulemba zikuchokera mu mawonekedwe a kalata. Kugwiritsa ntchito polemba chinenero epistolary, mukhoza kupewa mau inayake ndi chimango mwakhama. Pa yomweyo wophunzira wapatsidwa mpata wopatsa kuthawira m'maganizo awo, pamene otsala mu chimango cha mutu anapatsidwa.

Inde, kalata - loyamba ndi ufulu onse a maganizo. Koma izi zisanachitike yokonza chidutswa sakuwupweteka kuganizira za dongosolo lake. Izi bwino kulemba pa pepala maganizo awo osati kusochera mu mfundozo ndi awafotokozera. kalatayi adzakhala bwino osati kuti munthu amene chinali cholinga. lingaliro zofunika wake, ndipo wowerenga adzamvetsa.

Maphunziro m'masukulu ndende

Ana akuvutika anthu kapena matenda ena m'dziko lathu pali mabungwe wapadera maphunziro a mitundu yosiyanasiyana (1 8). cholinga chawo chachikulu ndi kukonzekera ophunzira moyo wamkulu.

Ovuta kwambiri ndi kuphunzitsa sukulu 8-TH mitundu. Apa kutenga ana maganizo kupepera. Mu gawo loyamba la mphunzitsi maphunziro awo ayenera kupanga kuwerenga koyamba ndi chizindikiro mawonekedwe a luso phokoso. Letter (kalasi 1, 8 ndi sukulu) kuti ophunzira amenewa akutumikira monga maziko mapangidwe kaphatikizidwe ndi phokoso-kalata kusanthula. Choyamba-graders ntchito ndi mawu ndi syllables, malemba yochepa, komanso mitundu zosavuta bwana.

Cholinga cha sukulu zimenezi ndi kuphunzitsa ana kuwerenga ndi kulemba, komanso lathu mu zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana.