European Monetary System

Popeza penipeni, ndi European Monetary System (EMS) wakhala chidwi kwambiri monga kapangidwe Kutsata asapita ndale.

ziyembekezo kukhumudwa a dongosolo ndalama lonse ndi akuyandama mlingo woyamba makolo ake a EBU ananyamuka kubwezeretsa dongosolo la mitengo atathana koma chosinthika kuzizira kwambiri kwa Anthu ku Ulaya. Chotero dongosolo n'zotheka kuteteza yaikulu mkati European utuluke malonda kusintha lakuthwa mu mpikisano. Komanso kuchepetsa divergence wa dziko kufufuma, kulola kukhala kufufuma zochepa loopsali ndi kutsogolera ku "zone wosasunthika ndalama".

Pa nthawi yomweyo European Monetary System anali ayesedwa ngati ntchito wofuna kwambiri, monga iye amabwerera kasamalidwe European ndalama m'mayiko ena, makamaka France ndi Italy, anakhalabe kucheza ndi zoyesayesa kale mosamalitsa mgwirizano.

dongosolo kenako kusanduka, pakupita kupitirira cholinga chawo choyamba: mbali ulamuliro limagwirira ndalama ya European Economic Community (EEC) anakhala stiffer kugwirizana kwa ndalama tanthauzo malamulo, ndi kuyenda likulu ndi apamwamba kuposa momwe izo zinaliri mu zaka zoyambirira za EMU.

Zonse m'dziko lapansi cholukanalukana, makamaka pankhani zokhudza ubale wa ndalama pamlingo wadziko lonse. Choncho ndikofunikira kunena mawu ochepa za dziko lapansi ndalama wonse, magawo otsiriza chitukuko:

· Paris dongosolo ndalama (zaka 1816-1914) lagona pa muyeso wa golide.

· Gold bullion muyezo (1914-1941), amene anapatsa kuwombola ndalama pepala kwa golide masekeli osati makilogalamu zosakwana 12,5.

Pamodzi ndi golide pa nthawi ya malipiro mayiko wavomerezedwa madola US ndi mapaundi chabwino.

· Mu 1922, msonkhano unachitikira Genoa, zimene zinabweretsa pamodzi oimira m'mayiko 34, kukambirana mbali ya monetarism pambuyo First World nkhondo, njira kuchira ku Central ndi ku Eastern Europe ndi pangano pakati pa chuma European capitalist ndi latsopano Soviet boma.

Ndiye Genoese dongosolo ndalama anali anakonza (1922-1944), amene anali maziko a muyeso wa golide kuwombola.

· Popeza zoyesayesa Wachiwiri World nkhondo tinalengedwa kuti tikhale okhazikika mwa ndalama zikuluzikulu pa dongosolo amodzi mlingo, wotchedwa Bretton Woods pangano, amene anakomoka mu 1970 oyambirira.

Komabe, atsogoleri European adafuna mfundo za mitengo khola, anapereka malamulo a akuyandama mitengo kuwombola, otchuka mu United States.

M'mayiko ambiri anavomera mu 1972 kuthandiza asapita ndalama. Ndipo dongosolo ndalama, akuti "Nyoka mu ngalandeyo" anali kuteteza kusinthasintha peresenti kuposa 2,25.

Zinali ulendo woyamba pa mgwirizano m'munda ubale ndalama ndi zoona, izo chimamanga ndalama zonse EEC ndi mzake. Ngakhale boma kapena zochepa anapulumuka mpaka 1979, iye anayamba usathe mu 1973, mogwirizana ndi oscillation ufulu wa dola.

The European System Monetary unakhazikitsidwa mu 1979 kuti ziziyenda mlingo wa Madera zachuma m'gulu la European Union. Ndiye panali European ndalama Unit (ECU), zochokera dengu la ndalama dziko. ECU anali kuloŵedwa m'malo mwa Yuro.

Mu magawo oyambirira kuyenda sanali bwino kwathunthu, panali zambiri mavuto luso. kusintha nthawi awonjezera mtengo wa ndalama amphamvu ndi adatchithisira ofooka.

Komabe, pambuyo 1986 kusintha mfundo za chiwongola dzanja fuko ntchito kusunga ndalama mkati osiyanasiyana yopapatiza (kwa mwagwirizana mlingo chapakati). Mayiko nawo ndondomeko, anayenera kutsatira unit anakhazikitsa, omwe ndi chopereka mwachamuna polimbana kufufuma.

Kukhazikitsa zolondola kusinthitsa ndalama limagwirira (ERM) kwa States Zisangalalo zonse kwa 1990 United Kingdom sanagwirizane. Iye anakakamizika kupereka izo kachiwiri mu 1992, chifukwa alephera kukhalabe Malire ERM.

ntchito Komabe, anapitiriza kukhala malinga ndi a Maastricht Pangano, anabwerezanso kufunika kwa dongosolo losonkhanitsidwa.

Mu 1999, pamene panali Yuro, dongosolo ndalama ku Ulaya unatha, ngakhale kuti limagwirira kusinthitsa ndalama akupitiriza kuthamanga.