Exoplanet - ndi chiyani ichi? Kodi kutsegula ndi kuphunzira exoplanets?

Exoplanet - ndi dziko lakunja a dongosolo lathu dzuwa. M'zaka ziwiri zapitazi izo wapezeka zikwi malo ofanana, makamaka ndi thandizo la NASA "Kepler" danga zakutali.

Exoplanet - ndichiyani?

Izi zinthu dziko zimasiyana kwambiri mu kukula ndi m'mipita. Ena a iwo ndi Mapulaneti akuluakulu kukuzungulira pafupi nyenyezi awo. Ena okutidwa ndi ayezi, miyala. NASA ndi mabungwe ena kufunafuna wapadera dziko: ayenera exoplanet ofanana ndi dziko lapansi zimene chimazungulira nyenyezi ngati dzuwa, ndi ili mu zone ya lokhalamo.

Zoni lokhalamo ndi osiyanasiyana mtunda kuchokera nyenyezi limene kutentha dziko Kuloleza kuli nyanja madzi a madzi, n'kofunika kwa moyo. Akale zone tanthauzo inachokera pa matenthedwe mgwirizano wosalira zambiri koma kuwerengetsera masiku ano monga zinthu zina zambiri, r Mukhoza. H. Planet kutentha mlengalenga. Izi zimapangitsa malire anangotengeka zone lokhalamo.

Chiphunzitso cha chiyambi cha moyo

Ngakhale exoplanet - atulukira mma 1990, kwa zaka zambiri, asayansi akhala kukhulupirira moyo wawo. Iwo sakudziwa mungokhulupirira, ndipo zimenezi apeza mosinthanasinthana wozengereza Sun zathu ndi nyenyezi zina.

-lenga chiphunzitso za chiyambi cha moyo m'dziko lathu dzuwa. Mwachidule, ndi onsewo mtambo mpweya ndi fumbi (zotchedwa Nebula dzuwa) pansi yokoka yake anakomoka ndipo anapanga nyenyezi ndipo dzikoli. Pambuyo pake, kusamala patsogolo okhota zinatanthauza kuti kuunika kwa m'tsogolo ayenera atembenuza mofulumira ndipo mofulumira. Komabe, ngakhale ali 99,8% ya unyinji wa dongosolo la zowalitsa mapulaneti ndi 96% wa patsogolo ake okhota. Zakuthambo mwadzifunsapo kuti n'chifukwa chiyani nyenyezi wathu imazungulira pang'onopang'ono.

kuwala Young anali amphamvu kwambiri maginito amene mizere ya mphamvu anamulasa litayamba swirling mpweya umene dziko anapanga. mizere n'zogwirizana ndi particles mpweya mlandu, n'kumaganiza anangula liwiro kasinthasintha wa dzuwa ndi kupanga mafuta kupota kuti m'kupita inasanduka planeti. nyenyezi kwambiri atembenuza pang'onopang'ono, kotero zakuthambo anapeza kuti yemweyo "maginito braking" chinachitika ndi iwo, kutanthauza kuti zinali kuchitika mapangidwe zachilengedwe. Choncho kwanzeru: dziko muyenera kuyang'ana pozungulira ndi nyenyezi Sun-ngati.

atulukira oyambirira

Pakuti izi ndi zifukwa zina, ofufuza woyamba asagwiritse ntchito yofunafuna exoplanets nyenyezi ofanana Dzuwa, koma choyamba atulukira awiri mu 1992 a pulsar ndi (mofulumira sangathenso zotsala za zounikira amene anafa supernova a) wotchedwa PSR B1257 + 12. Woyamba anatsimikizira exoplanet makina nyenyezi (chithunzi anatengedwa m'nkhani) chimene chimachita zimenezi, inatsegulidwa mu 1995. Icho chinali 51 Pegasi b, unyinji wa amene ali mwachinsinsi ndi unyinji wa Jupiter ndi nthawi 20 pafupi ndi dzuwa kuposa ake Earth. Ndinali anadabwa. Koma oddity wina zinachitika zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri kale, chifukwa zimene zinadziwika kuti adzatseguka exoplanets ambiri.

Mu 1988, gulu la asayansi Canada anapeza ndi dziko kukula wa Jupiter, kuyenda kuzungulira Popanga madzi a gamma Cephei. Koma chifukwa kanjira kake anali laling'ono kwambiri kuposa kanjira Jupiter, asayansi anena za kudziwika chomaliza. Akatswiri a sayansi ya sanayese n'komwe amati mapulaneti oterewa aliko. Ndi zosiyana kwambiri ndi dongosolo lathu dzuwa kuti asayansi anali osamala kwambiri.

Ikuluikulu kuti ang'onoang'ono

Pafupifupi lotseguka woyamba exoplanet - ndi yupiteropodobny chachikulu (kapena zambiri) mpweya chimphona, onsewo pa mtunda waufupi makolo nyenyezi ake. Izi anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti zakuthambo ntchito njira ya kuyeza mathamangidwe zozungulira, amene amasankha mlingo wa "amatanthauza" wa nyenyezi zokhala mu kufalitsidwa dziko mozungulira icho. Mozama spaced lalikulu matupi dziko ndi zimakhudza kwambiri kuti izo zikhoza wapezeka.

Pamaso pa nyengo exoplanet atulukira zida akanangokhoza kuyeza mwaulesi nyenyezi ndi lolondola ku kilometre pa chachiwiri, amene sanali okwanira kuti azindikire Phokoso awo mchikakamizo cha mapulaneti. zida zamakono amatha kuyeza liwiro la centimeter pa chachiwiri, mwina chifukwa kuwonjezera molondola zida, komanso chifukwa cha chochitika chachikulu a sayansi ya zakuthambo mu Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa zizindikiro ofooka.

Information kuphulika "Kepler"

Today pali zoposa 1,000 anatsimikizira exoplanets mwapeza Kanema wina. Space Telescope, "Kepler" unayambitsidwa mu 2009 ndipo ndinali kusaka kwa dziko lokhalamo kwa zaka zinayi. Iwo anagwiritsa ntchito njira lotchedwa "polumikizira" - chimaonekera kumathima nyenyezi pamene tikudutsa pamaso pa danga chinthu.

"Kepler" wavumbulutsa chochuluka osiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Kuwonjezera zimphona mpweya ndi matupi apadziko zakutali anathandiza kukhazikitsa kuli latsopano kalasi ya "wapamwamba-maiko ammwamba", miyeso ya m'katimo kukula kwa Dziko ndi Neptune. Ena mwa iwo zili mabacteria ndi lokhalamo anthu a nyenyezi awo, koma astrobiologists ali kufufuzidwa kuwerengetsera kuti muganize momwe maiko, moyo akhoza kusintha.

Mu 2014, zakuthambo "Kepler" apereka njira "multiplicity yachinsinsi" umene ukuyenera kuonjezera liwiro za mumlengalenga kumasulira phungu amayi anatsimikizira. njira zachokera mtendere yozungulira - nyenyezi zambiri dims patapita nthawi yochepa, chomwe chingathe kukhala nkwa kuti mapulaneti m'njira yaing'ono, kaya ndi nyenyezi, iwo akanati gravitationally anakankhira mzake mwa dongosolo mu zaka mamilioni angapo.

mishoni ena

Ngakhale makina ( "Kepler" ndi French CoRoT), kutsatira exoplanets, anamaliza ntchito yawo pachiyambi, asayansi adakali ankachitira analandira deta awa, kufufuza chatsopano. Ndipo popanda ntchito, iwo sadzapita. KWAMBIRI kupitiriza ntchito makina ndi NASA TESS, ndi Swiss CHEOPS PLATO ndi ESA Kanema adzakhala kufufuza mayendedwe kuchokera malo posachedwapa. Padziko lapansi, spectrograph azeze 3,6-mita zakutali la Southern Observatory European ku Chile akugwirizira Doppler kufufuza oscillations Nyenyezi, koma nawo kusaka telesikopu zina zambiri.

Chitsanzo chimodzi Spitzer ndi Space Telescope NASA a. Popeza tcheru mu sipekitiramu infuraredi, angathe kuyeza kutentha mbiri ekzoplanety ndi kupereka lingaliro la mpweya wake.

Zoposa 3,000 mapulaneti kudziwika ndi kusiya kusankha pa angapo a iwo. Small exoplanets olimba woyendera nthambi lokhalamo imaoneka ofuna bwino, koma zakuthambo kusiyanitsa ena awonjezera kumvetsa kwathu mapangidwe ndi kukula kwa zolengedwa zina.

zizindikiro zoyambirira

51 Pegasi b. Monga tanena uyu anali woyamba kutsimikiziridwa exoplanet makina ndi nyenyezi dzuwa-mtundu. Ndi misa theka la Jupiter, ndi kuchotsedwa pakati dongosolo pa mtunda wa Mercury. dziko ali pafupi kwambiri ndi nyenyezi, lomwe n'kutheka, mbali imodzi ndi ku adani osefukira - izo zonse loyang'anizana nyenyezi.

HD 209458 b. Choyamba anapeza mu 1999 extrasolar dziko (chithunzi anatengedwa m'nkhani), zomwe zapita kupita ndi nyenyezi yake (ngakhale njira imeneyi ankagwiritsa ntchito Doppler), kenako atulukira ena. Iyi ndi nthawi yoyamba dziko kunja dongosolo lathu dzuwa, imene magawo a m'mlengalenga akhala amadziŵika, kuphatikizapo mbiri kutentha ndiponso kusapezeka kwa Mitambo.

zolengedwa lodziwika

55 Cancri makalata exoplanet Izi -. Ndi zimene amatchedwa "wapamwamba-maiko ammwamba", umene umayenda mu kanjira mozungulira nyenyezi yowala zokwanira kuti aonekere kwa apoyera. Choncho asayansi akhoza kuphunzira dongosolo kuposa wina aliyense. "Chaka" ake ndi maola 17 okha ndi Mphindi 41 (kuti anakhazikitsidwa pamene KWAMBIRI anati dongosolo kwa masabata awiri mu 2011). Theorists amati 55 Cancri mauthenga ukhoze kukhala wolemera mu mpweya ndi daimondi pachimake.

HD 80606 b. Izi exoplanet - mwini mbiri (pa nthawi ya kutsegula ake mu 2001) pa eccentricity wa mpita wa. Zikuoneka kuti njira ya gulu lake, ofanana kanjira wa nyenyezi Halley a, akhoza kugwirizana ndi chikoka cha nyenyezi zina. Komanso, munthu wotero kanjira kwambiri chikuyambitsa osakhalitsa kwambiri chilengedwe padziko lonse.

Mavu-33b. Iwo chinamasulidwa mu 2011 ndipo ali ngati dzuwa bedi - ndi stratosphere - zimene zimatenga gawo la zooneka ndi kuwala kwa nyenyezi kholo. Planet osati amasuntha mu kanjira zosiyana, koma kumachititsanso fluctuation a kuwunika akaundula KWAMBIRI Kanema.

mapasa lapansi

Kepler-442b. exoplanet Izi - ndi zimene amatchedwa "Dziko analogi." kukula, misa ndi kutentha kwake boma ndi ambiri ofanana lathuli. Open January 6, 2015, izo ili mu kuwundana Lyra pa mtunda wa 1,120 kuwala zaka. Kutentha padziko ekzoplanety miyala ndi -40 ° C. misa nthawi 2,34 unyinji wa Dziko Lapansi, ndi mphamvu yokoka 30% kwambiri. dziko lakunja m'dera limene osefukira adani kanthu. Mu pepala lofalitsidwa mu 2015 ntchito, iye pamodzi ndi Kepler-186f ndi 62f, dzina lake phungu yabwino mapulaneti zingakhale lokhalamo (onani. Photo).

Exoplanet Kepler-78b. Iwo chimazungulira nyenyezi Kepler 78. Pa kutsegula mu 2013, dziko kwambiri ngati Earth misa, utali wozungulira ndi osalimba sing'anga. Iwo wapezeka osati polumikizira yolimbana ndi kuwala, koma kadamsana ndi kuwala anasonyeza lolingana mbali ya yozungulira. "Chaka" ekzoplanety imatenga maola 8.5 okha, T. K. Kodi 40 nthawi pafupi ndi nyenyezi kuposa mtunda kuchokera Mercury kwa dzuwa.