Madontho kwadzidzidzi

Pofuna kupeza chithunzithunzi cha katundu wa zinthu zakuthupi ndi malamulo malinga ndi zomwe "moyo" bwino kuti aliyense macrocosm osati kumaliza yunivesite, chifukwa munthu nawo tsiku ndi tsiku ndi mawonetseredwe awo. Ngakhale zisakuyenda akupitiriza anatchula mfundo za kufanana, amene anali kumbali amati yaying'ono ndi macrocosm ofanana kwambiri, Koma kusiyana likadali pamenepo. Izi makamaka noticeable pa zamitundu ochepa matupi ndi zinthu. madontho kwadzidzidzi, nanodots nthawi zina amatchedwanso nthawi amaimira munthu wa milandu.

zochepa zochepa

Tiyeni kukumbukira tingachipeze powerenga chipangizo atomu, mwachitsanzo, wa hydrogen. Pamafunikanso pachimake, omwe chifukwa cha kukhalapo m'menemo wa purotoni ndithu mlandu ali plus- mlandu magetsi, i.e. 1 (popeza wa hydrogen - amafotokozera choyamba mu tebulo nthawi). Choncho, pa mtunda wina pakati penipeni ndi elekitironi (-1), kupanga elekitironi chipolopolo. N'zodziwikiratu kuti ngati tingathe kuwonjezera phindu la mlandu nyukiliya, iyi idzakhala zikuphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa ma elekitironi watsopano (timakumbukira lafika electrically ndale atomu).

Mtunda pakati pa elekitironi ndi phata anatsimikiza milingo mphamvu ya particles zoipa mlandu. Aliyense kanjira ndi zonse kasinthidwe okwana tinthu ndi Mzimuyo nkhaniyo. Ma elekitironi akhoza kudumpha kanjira imodzi kungolandira kapena kumasula mphamvu wina ndi photons wa pafupipafupi makamaka. Pa m'mipita yakumapeto kwenikweni, polumikizirana ndi ma elekitironi ndi munthu pazipita mlingo mphamvu. Kodi chidwi, ndi fotoni yokha akusonyeza chikhalidwe wapawiri, khama pa nthawi yomweyo monga tinthu massless ndi cheza mu atomu.

mawu

Mawu "fotoni" chiyambi Greek, amatanthauza "kuwala tinthu". Choncho, akhoza amanena kuti kusintha kwa elekitironi mu kanjira kake, izo zimatenga (zazikulu) ndi kwadzidzidzi kuwala. Pankhaniyi n'koyenera tanthauzo la liwu lina - "kwadzidzidzi". Ndipotu, palibe zovuta. mawu lachokera ku Latin «kwadzidzidzi», lomwe limatanthauza mtengo zing'onozing'ono kuchuluka zilizonse (pano - cheza). Pano pali chitsanzo kuti kwadzidzidzi ndi: ngati muyeso wa zedi kulemera ali wamng'ono mamiligalamu indivisible, izo angatchedwe. Ndizo chabe anafotokoza yooneka ngati zovuta yaitali.

madontho kwadzidzidzi: powunikira

Nthawi zambiri mu mabuku akhoza kukumana ndi tanthauzo zotsatirazi kwa nanodots - ndi yaing'ono kwambiri tinthu zakuthupi aliyense amene miyeso mofanana ndi ukulu wa ankalankhula elekitironi timaganiza (uthunthu wonse chimakwirira osiyanasiyana nanometers 1 mpaka 10). Mkati mtengo wa mphamvu ndi kuthekera kwa oipa mlandu chonyamulira unit kakang'ono kuposa kunja, kotero elekitironi displacements zochepa.

Komabe, mawu akuti "madontho kwadzidzidzi" akhoza anafotokoza ayi. An elekitironi omwe chosakanikirana ndi fotoni, "zabodza" ndi mlingo mphamvu kwambiri, mu malo ake aumbike "kuperewera" - otchedwa dzenje. Choncho, pamene elekitironi ali ndi mlandu wa -1, ndi +1 dzenje. Pofuna kubwerera ku dziko yapita khola, ndi elekitironi limatulutsa ndi fotoni. Communication mlandu zonyamulira "-" ndi "+" mu nkhani iyi akutchedwa exciton, ndi sayansi amanena kuti ngati Nyerere yaing'ono. kukula umadalira pa mlingo wa mphamvu odzipereka (apamwamba kanjira). madontho kwadzidzidzi ndi ndendende particles izi. Pafupipafupi panamveka elekitironi mphamvu mwachindunji amadalira tinthu kukula kwa chuma ndi excitons. Tikumbukenso kuti maziko a mtundu maganizo ndi diso la munthu kuwala osiyana fotoni mphamvu. Aliyense mtundu pafupipafupi ena cheza cha mu atomu.