Forensics - azamalamulo Sciences ndi ...

Lingaliro la milandu ukutchulidwa kwambiri kudziwa sayansi, zomwe ndi maziko a maphunziro akatswiri a Ofufuza ndi Ofufuza, oweruza ndi Maloya, ndodo ntchito ndi akatswiri, komanso maloya. chilangochi akufotokozera ndi bwino machenjerero, njira ndi njira kufufuza, kudziwika ndi kupewa kuchita oletsedwa.

Nkhani ya

The prerequisites kwa zikamera wa milandu anakhala kukula kwambiri ndi professionalization za upandu umene unachitika ku Europe mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 19. Njira, njira ndi zipangizo kufufuza wophwanya malamulo zimene zakhazikitsidwa ndi nthawi kuti, analibe dongosolo loyenera maphunziro a sayansi. Pa nkhani imeneyi, polimbana onse upandu qualitatively ndi quantitatively anasintha sanapereke zotsatira ankafuna.

Mbiri ya milandu sayansi anayamba m'zaka 19 mochedwa. Nthawi imeneyi, asayansi ku Austria - ndi yunivesite ku Prague ndipo Graz Gansom Grossom - anali mwadongosolo anasonkhana pa zofufuza nthawi ya cognition. Iwo ntchito choyamba pa forensics linalembedwa. Mu 1892, dziko anaona bukhu. Iwo ankatchedwa "Malangizo Ofufuza azamalamulo monga dongosolo la milandu." ntchito imeneyi, ndipo analengeza kubadwa kwa sayansi latsopano.

Hans Gross yekha Amadziwanso ntchito investigative. Komanso, iye ankadziwa ndizosowa sayansi ndi zambiri chinkhoswe mu wamamamayikirosikopu ndi kujambula. Mu buku lake, wasayansi anawulula mfundo milandu yokha, zili ndi mavuto izo. Gross ananenanso kuti n'zotheka ntchito kwa kufufuza zida za sayansi ndi luso ndipo anayamba ena njira ndi luso investigative.

History of milandu ku Russia unalembedwa yekha m'ma 20. Iyo inali nthawi yoyamba sanatsatiridwe kafukufuku mderali. Awa ndi mndandanda wa ntchito Bura zokhudza munda wa Kupenda azamalamulo zolembedwa ndi zithunzi. Ogwira Lebedev ntchito ponena za zala ndi Brazol ndi Tregubova kwa njira investigative ndi zigawenga.

Kufunika kwa zikamera wa milandu

Upandu wakhalapo kwa pafupifupi onse mbiri ya munthu ndi kwakhala nkhani otentha kuti adabvuta maganizo a anthu. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19. pali zinthu zabwino kwa kuchuluka kwa umbanda. mfundo zikuphatikizapo chitukuko cha mafakitale, zikhalidwe, etc. Koma ayenera kuti m'bungwe umbanda m'dziko lililonse limakula yekha kukachitika kuti yazamalamulo mabungwe sangakhoze kuima zofuna yovomerezeka kwa nzika zonse. Investigation zochita oletsedwa anachita ndi magulu zovuta.

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19. zigawenga zida zoyendera latsopano ndi njira luso. Kufufuza milandu anachita ndi iwo kuyamba malembo alonda yazamalamulo. Zimenezi unkachitika mu France, mu Germany, mu England ndi ku United States. N'chifukwa chake maboma a mayiko ambiri ntchito yomasulira kulenga chidziwitso cha makampani, angathe kukana watsopano mwa mawu a khalidwe la upandu.

Ntchito zikuluzikulu za sayansi azamalamulo

ntchito, olembedwa Gross, anapereka m'manja mwa akatswiri Ofufuza anayesedwa chizolowezi ndi njira umboni ofotokoza njira njira Kuwulura, komanso kupewa upandu kovuta kwambiri. Tikhoza kunena kuti sayansi azamalamulo - mwambo zokhudza zimene oletsedwa wa limagwirira malamulo. Ikufotokoza mmene kuti mudziwe zofunika za upandu ndi ophunzira ake. Milandu kafukufuku ukusonyeza nkhani ya malamulo, ntchito ndi kuwunika umboni.

Forensics - sayansi malamulo. Koma nthawi yomweyo anapempha chikhalidwe. ntchito General wa criminalistics - kubweretsa ntchito za malamulo onse lamulo pa mlingo wa ganizo sayansi, kuti agwire ntchito ndi njira zamakono kwambiri, njira ndi luso la kufufuza ndi ntchito chidziwitso. Zonsezi ndi zofunika kuti tikwaniritse cholinga chachikulu - kuthetsa upandu.

polimbana ndi zochita oletsedwa ndi ntchito yaikulu ya sayansi mu funso. Komabe, kuyenera kuti milandu - si bwenzi la woweruza, kapena wofufuzayo. Ndi chida anapatsidwa manja ake, kulola kuti choonadi.

ntchito yapadera ya criminalistics za liwunikidwenso ya malamulo cholinga kuti maziko a nkhani za chilangochi. Njirazi ndi monga:

- Development wa chiphunzitso chifukwa cha njira ndi njira ya zofufuza milandu, komanso kuteteza zochita lamulo;
- kusintha alipo ndi chitukuko cha latsopano zipangizo luso, malangizo ndi njira kwa mndandanda wa zinthu kafukufuku, kuona ndi ntchito ya umboni;
- kuphunzira ndi ntchito ya chochitika china yazamalamulo.

Kukhazikitsa ntchito ambiri ndi yeniyeni criminalistics n'chotheka pambuyo nkhani yeniyeni anadzutsa pa siteji ena. buku awo ndi osiyana. Ndipo kuchiza mavuto enieni simungathe okha milandu chiphunzitso. Polankhulana ndi madera ena a chidziwitso, komanso mankhwala sayansi.

Kukula kwa milandu anapereka maziko ku zikamera wa malangizo achindunji kwambiri. Nthawi zina gawo panali njira Kuwulura ndi kuba katundu wa anthu a boma, pa ntchito njira sayansi kuthetsa milandu, etc.

Pa gawo lino la chitukuko la milandu, palinso ntchito yeniyeni, ndi zili zothandiza. Zikugwirizanirana zotsatirazi:

- kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa deta logic ndi kuwerenga maganizo, amene ntchito mu forensics;
- kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe takwaniritsa cybernetics;
- chitukuko cha mafunso kafukufuku wa zinthu kudutsa kumupima;
- njira kukhazikitsa zimayambitsa ndi zinthu zimene zinathandiza kuti ntchito zokhudza chigawenga.

Mwa ntchito yeniyeni ya sayansi azamalamulo pa siteji lino la chitukuko ndi kuunikanso dongosolo lonse kupezerapo wogwila, komanso gulu la njira kuchita upandu, ntchito zofufuza kudabwa chinthu, etc.

dongosolo sayansi

chilango ndi akonzedwa lonse la mbali ndi mkati kugwirizana achilengedwe. forensics dongosolo zikuphatikizapo m'zigawo zinayi. Ena mwa iwo ndi izi:

- methodological (ongolankhula) chimango;
- makina azamalamulo chikhalidwe;
- machenjerero azamalamulo;
- njira zokhudza kufufuza za mitundu ina ya zinthu zophwanya malamulo.

Koma chigawo choyamba cha dongosolo la milandu, ndi akonzedwa mfundo ongolankhula, mfundo ndi akatswiri siyana za mauthenga ndi njira chilango. gawo ili la sayansi umaphatikizapo mfundo zimene zimapanga lingaliro la zolinga ndi mutu wa mwambo, malamulo a chitukuko, ndi malo ali m'munda wa sayansi. M'chigawo chino palinso chiphunzitso payekha. Amaonetsa chifukwa cha chidziwitso cha malamulo cholinga kuti ndi zofunika kuti pakhale njira, njira, zida ndi malangizo. Iwo ntchito polimbana ndi upandu.

The chachiwiri gawo forensics amaphunzira dongosolo iwo amene ali choyambilira mapangidwe kuda zinthu anatsala zigawenga. Pamaziko a nzeru zimenezi chitukuko cha njira, njira ndi njira kudziwika, kuchotsa, komanso kuphunzira kuyambirira a zinthuzi.

forensics dongosolo maganizo ndi chinthu choterocho monga njira ndi. Izi ndi nthambi wachitatu wa sayansi, amene amasonyeza chitsanzo cha zosayembekezereka, HIV ndi kuteteza kufufuza abwino zigawenga lapansi. Komanso amasanthula zamaganizo kulankhulana ndi ubale pakati pa anthu nawo kufufuza waukuluwo. Pa mfundo imeneyi, ndipo zinabala angapo njira zothandiza abwino likhale zochita investigative ali mu Code wa Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba.

Chigawo chomaliza, womwenso forensics - njira zokhudza kufufuza za mitundu ina ya milandu. gawo ili la sayansi anafotokoza njira ndi njira kuchita mitundu ina ya zinthu zophwanya malamulo, komanso kuda anachoka zitachitika chigawenga. Pamaziko a chidziwitso iyi ma aligorivimu wapadera kupanga (moyo) wa magawo onse a ntchito kufufuza zinthu lililonse.

zigawo zonse za milandu organically zogwirizana. Ndipo oyamba ndi maziko a sayansi sayansi, ndi njira, ndipo njira kuti akupangidwa chilangochi.

Kodi kuphunzira milandu?

Nkhani ya chilango chimenechi ndi malamulo a limagwirira cha zochita kosaloleka, komanso mndandanda wa mudziwe zambiri ndi kufufuza umboni. Izi iwonso monga njira ndi njira kufufuza ndi kupewa zochita chigawenga.

Chinthu choterocho monga chinthu milandu, ndi umafananirako kwa phunziro la chilango ichi. Amakhala ndi magawo awiri. The oyamba - ntchito za umbanda. The chachiwiri - ntchito mabungwe yazamalamulo kuulula ndi kuteteza malpractices.

Chinthu milandu maphunziro osati kwa chilangocho. Iwo m'dera chidwi ziwerengero bwalo, Kuthi chigawenga , etc. Komabe, aliyense wa sayansi izi kuphunzira zinthu izi, kuti athetse mavuto awo.

azamalamulo chizindikiritso

Lililonse Tchimo zochitika zenizeni. Zivute zitani, kumene ntchito mopanda chilolezo, pali mayendedwe zosiyanasiyana zomwe kufufuza n'kofunika kudziwa ubale wa aliyense pa malo kwa chochitika wrongful. Ndipo apa pakubwera kwa forensics thandizo. Kuzindikiritsidwa ndi imodzi mwa njira zake, walola kuphunzira chinthu makamaka zake za thupi mlandu. Iye wakhala izo ndi zinthu zambiri zofanana ndi icho.

Ofufuza Zingabukenso nkhani chizindikiritso azamalamulo. Awa ndi magulu amene mukugwira nawo Kuthi chigawenga. Mu mndandanda pali Ofufuza ndi Ofufuza, akatswiri oweruza, akuwakayikira ndipo akuvutika, etc. Aliyense wa iwo kusiya zochimwazo kumathetsa vuto la chizindikiritso malinga ndi madalitso ake procedural ndi chovomerezeka ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri mu sayansi azamalamulo angasankhe chinthu kuphedwa chida. Mboni amene anaona lobadwa tingaone ndi maonekedwe ake akunja kukumbukira iwo. Aliyense chinthu zachilengedwe timachita zambiri mbali ndi katundu.

Zinthu amasiyana mawonekedwe ndi kukula, mtundu ndi kapangidwe, etc. Chiphaso kuphunzira azamalamulo, osati onse mbali ndi katundu. Makamaka njira imeneyi imagwira ntchito kokha kwa maonekedwe a chinthu amalembedwa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, roughness wa tsamba makamaka kwa nkhwangwa kungakhale wolemekezeka pa kudula mtengo. N'chimodzimodzinso ndi mbali wogwidwa ndi maonekedwe a munthu. Iwo kuwonetsedwa chithunzi kapena kukumbukira umboni.

Dongosolo la mabungwe azamalamulo ku Russia

Mkuluyo woyamba bungwe mu dziko lathu unakhazikitsidwa mu St. Petersburg mu 1889. anayambitsa inali EF Bura. Kale mu 1892, anayamba kugwira ntchito azamalamulo Zithunzi zasayansi. Icho chinakhazikitsidwa ndi dongosolo la Utumiki wa Justice. Chinachake kenako, mabungwe zofanana adatseguka m'mizinda yambiri Russian. Zinali zofunika akuluakulu yazamalamulo ndi ntchito mu njira ya nzeru zapadera. Panali zipinda kuzionetsetsa sayansi ndi azamalamulo, kenako lidzasinthidwa Institute. Pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, mabungwe analandira dzina latsopano. Iwo anadziwika monga Laboratories kafukufuku azamalamulo.

Mu 1944 anayamba kugwira ntchito yake ku Central azamalamulo zasayansi. Iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi unduna wa Justice wa USSR. Kenako, pa maziko a Institute ake a milandu analengedwa. Anakhala Institute of mayeso azamalamulo Research Central. Apo iye ali lero. Tsopano ndi Russian Federal Center ya azamalamulo pa RF Ministry of Justice. Kachitidwe kutsogoleredwa ndi bungwe la, chigawo chapakati cha dongosolo la makumi asanu, ndipo dziko ndi dera Laboratories.

Pali mabungwe ena mu dera lino. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe azamalamulo mabungwe zochitika mkati akugwira ntchito mu Utumiki wa Justice. Topping Center awo azamalamulo Russian ya unduna Internal. Izo analengedwa mu 1992 mu subordination malo awa m'madipatimenti azamalamulo ndi kugawikana, ulamuliro ndi zasayansi.

Ntchito forensics m'kupita kwa Kuthi khoti

Specific sayansi okhudza zochitika za umbanda, komanso ntchito kudziwa, ntchito kudziwa choonadi kupanga chiweruzo chomaliza. Makamaka, Sciences azamalamulo amatipatsa mwayi pamayeso zina. Mothandizidwa ndi mzimuwo mudzaze mipata kuti zinalengedwa pa zofufuza za waukuluwo.

Mpaka posachedwapa, zomwe m'munda wa makhoti milandu ntchito zina. Zimenezi ndi kuphunzira ndi kufufuza zipangizo za mlandu, amene anali zinapezedwa kale ndi wapolisiyo lapansi. Komabe, imodzi ndi kulowa mu mphamvu ya magazini atsopano a Code la Kayendesedwe Wachifwamba, khoti mwayi weniweni kusonkhanitsa umboni. Iwo tinasonkhanitsa pa palokha investigative kapena zina zochita procedural.

Njira imodzi kuthetsa mipata alipo ndi kuyesera investigative. Nthawi zambiri zamakono azamalamulo sayansi amagwiritsa kuti atsimikizire deta amene tinasonkhanitsa pa anayendera, kafukufuku, etc. Mchitidwe ndi chiphunzitso cha kuyesera investigative akhala ntchito mu njira zilipo sayansi. njira imeneyi, yomwe ntchito mwa bwalo, amapereka zotsatira ogwira. Timatha kudziwa mosavuta ntchito ndi mlandu kunawerengedwa kwa wozengedwayu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati iye akanakhoza kuchotsa zinthu bulky mwa dzenje kubwereketsa denga, kodi ndi luso limene likufunika kuchita n'kosaloleka, etc.

Komanso, kumupima bwino kuthetsa kusemphana wogwila. Tiyerekeze umboni, wovulalayo kapena wozengedwa amapitirizabe modera Baibulo lake. Pankhaniyi, amathandiza a katswiri amene amayankha chilichonse mungachite anamva, pa kudziŵa apadera. Makamaka izi zikugwirizana ndi nkhani ya kugunda a galimoto kapena pamene mmodzi wa madalaivala njira zawo anafotokoza zimene zimayambitsa ngozi.

Kudzifufuza ikuchitika mu njira ya Kuthi chigawenga, ndi mawonekedwe ubale, ndilo dongosolo la zochita chapadera pakati pa oweruza ndi mlandu, uphungu podziteteza Ofufuza apolisi, mboni ndi ophunzira ena Kuthi chigawenga.

Stakeout munthu chiganizo ayenera kulungamitsidwa zonse. N'chifukwa chake makhoti tiyenera kufufuza milandu onse amene amafuna kudziwa wapadera wa sayansi, sayansi, ntchito zamanja, kapena zina za polojekiti. Zotsatira analandira alibe ubwino pa umboni zina. Iwo ali omumvera kuwunika kuvomerezedwa ndi kutsimikizira oweruza.

azamalamulo ballistics

Chimodzi mwa zinthu kusukulu ophunzira lamulo kwenikweni forensics. Nkhani kulanga zimenezi zimakhudza dongosolo la njira kudziwika mawu sayansi, komanso kafukufuku mfuti.

Phunziro a dongosolo lino kuchotsedwa deta zilipo makamaka zokhudzana choncho pansi kufufuza. Akutsutsa azamalamulo Ballistics - mpweya ndi mfuti, zinthu mpirawo lotsatira, komanso zida ndi zigawo zawo. Zolinga zazikulu ndi chizindikiritso zoona za chigamulo cha nkhani matenda ndi gulu.

Kulankhulana ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi

Mwambo akufotokozera njira ya upandu ndi mabungwe yazamalamulo, wapafupi madera amene amakhudza wachifwamba malamulo mkombero. Oterowo kuphunzira upandu, komanso osauka njira payekha ndi wamba kulimbana izo, komanso milandu. Malinga amalanga nkhani ayenera kumvera ophunzira lamulo. sayansi izi monga malamulo a boma ndi milandu, malamulo a chilango ndi ndondomeko chigawenga, ziwerengero chigawenga ndi chiphunzitso cha zinthu ntchito ndipo investigative. Gawo la izi zikuphatikizapo maganizo ndi mankhwala azamalamulo, ndi kuwerenga maganizo.

mwapafupi kwambiri chokhudzana ndi forensics chigawenga ndi ndondomeko. Poyamba, akulangani awiriwa ali ndi cholinga wamba ndi zinthu kuphunzira.

Forensics chinayambira komanso unachitikira sitepe ya kupanga kufanana ndondomeko chigawenga. Only mpaka chitukuko inasanduka wodziimira malamulo sayansi. Ndondomeko munthuyo ali ndi kutchulidwa normative khalidwe. Iwo amasonyeza mavuto ntchito malangizo azamalamulo kuti kutumikira kuthetsa milandu mwina chifukwa Kuthi malamulo. Kuthi Wachifwamba amasonyeza ndondomeko mosavomerezeka kuti atenge malo pa pofufuza.

Zida, malangizo ndi luso mwakuchita forensics, umalimbana kukhazikitsa choonadi. Ndipo zonse izi mu chimango cha amafuna chigawenga ndondomeko.

Iwo ali pa ubwenzi wabwino ndi wina sayansi forensics. Ndi malamulo a boma. Zikhulupiriro Criminological wa limagwirira cha kuchita oletsedwa ndi luso kufufuza anapanga pamaziko a chidziwitso cha bungwe lalamulo. Ndipotu, pamaso pofufuza ndikofunika kuzindikira mbali yake yeniyeni ndi zanyengo constituent. Musakhale sayansi monga forensics, ambiri malamulo opezeka Code Wachifwamba, sitingakhale ntchito chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa njira kufufuza.