Miyala. Gulu.

Maphunziro, wopangidwa mwa mchere ndi akuwuka mkati kapena padziko lapansi, akamaziwononga Geological amatchedwa "miyala". Iwo anapanga biliyoni 4.6. Zaka zapitazo ndipo ndi nyumba osiyana ndi mitundu.

Choyambiriracho miyala yake anawagawa mitundu itatu: nyanja, igneous ndi metamorphic.

Gulu loyamba la mchere aumbike padziko matanthwe a. Mitundu ya mtundu uwu anapanga ndi kudzikundikira m'dambo pa mtunda ndi matupi madzi ndi sedimentation anayamba mchikakamizo cha yokoka. Malinga njira maphunziro, iwo anawagawa:

• Chemical miyala. Gulu la mchere anapanga ku njira amadzimadzi zakudya, komanso zatsalira nyama ndi zomera anapeza pansi pa nyanja, nyanja ndi nyanja. Zikuphatikizapo soda ndi mchere potassium waikamo pansi pa matupi madzi, silika, ili mu akasupe otentha, komanso malasha utsi (mafuta, mafuta, malasha), phosphates ndi laimu (chipolopolo thanthwe, choko ndi ena.). mchere ambiri a gulu limeneli ndi kapangidwe magawo.

• Clastic. Anapanga chifukwa cha weathering kapena kusuntha mbali miyala mphepo kapena glacier madzi ndi kudzikundikira anayamba. Chifukwa, iwo ali kwambiri wosweka ndi wosweka. Malinga ndi kukula kwake pali ang'ono, sing'anga, ndi coarse thanthwe. mchere monga timiyala, miyala, mchenga, miyala, dongo.

miyala Igneous n'chiyani crystallization wa chinthu chopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosungunula mu kuya kwa Lapansi - chiphalaphala. Iwo amapanga oposa 65% buku okwana kutumphuka dziko lapansi ndipo ndi mchere wamba.

Chiphalaphala analemba silicate, ndi zimalimbikitsa madzi nthunzi ndipo mpweya kusungunuka kwa madigiri 1,200. Iwo akubwera pamwamba basi mchikakamizo cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana miyala, zomwe akamazizira, crystallizes ndi ndipamene thanthwe, monga basalt, lubwe, olivine, pyroxenes, amphiboles.

mchere Magmatic anawagawa intrusive ndi effusive.

• miyala Intrusive anayikidwa pansi pa akuya osaya. Ali crystallization wabwino ndipo malinga Masamu ndi mawonekedwe, lophatikizana ndi ubwamunalo linagawanika mu batholiths (ndi makulidwe chachikulu), dykes (ndi dongosolo tubular ndipo anapanga polemba ming'alu), pachimake (wochepa thupi yaitali m'litali).
• The formations effusive wapatsidwa exiting chiphalaphala kunja ndi neraskristallizovannogo lopangidwa ndi galasi chiphala. M'matanthwe a mtundu amadziŵika yaikulu basalt yachonde ndipo chiphalaphala sinters.

Malinga mozama pa zimene chiphalaphala zikachitika, pali magulu atatu a miyala igneous:

• Plutonic - anapanga mu gawo m'munsi ya matanthwe a Dziko Lapansi (pang'ono kapena kwathunthu). Mtundu wa mchere monga lubwe.
• Chiphala - anapanga padziko. Zikuphatikizapo mchere monga andesite.
• Hypabyssal - zimachitika pamene chiphalaphala kudzaza ming'alu m'matanthwe alipo. gulu akhoza zimachitika pegmatites.

Metamorphic miyala. Izi mchere mtundu akuimira mchere igneous kapena nyanja omwe, kukhala mwa dziko, zimasintha kwambiri. Kusintha chifukwa cha kusiyana kutentha, kuthamanga kapena mankhwala ankachita chifukwa maonekedwe a kapangidwe atsopano ndiponso dongosolo la miyala popanda okhudza mankhwala kapangidwe kake. Motero, munthu wopanda Sungunulani mchere ndi kuvunda anatembenukira kwa wina olimba ndi kugonjetsedwa. Mwachitsanzo, miyala ndi n'kukhala nsangalabwi ndi lubwe mu gneiss, sandstone ndi khwatsi.

Choncho, miyala metamorphic, nyanja ndi chiyambi igneous pamodzi ndi makulidwe a matanthwe a. mchere ndi ndiwo mchere ntchito mwa munthu kupanga zinthu.