Fortress ya Carcassonne: mbiri, ndondomeko, mbiri ndi zochititsa chidwi

Fortress Carcassonne - nyumba zomangamanga, zambiri zomwe zimakhala zaka zapakatikati, makamaka nyumba. Ali mumzinda womwewo, dzina lomweli, m'madera a masiku ano a France, m'chigawo cha Occitania, m'chigawo cha Aude. Mwachikhalidwe, malo otetezeka akale amatchedwa Site. Maulendo ambiri ku Southern France akuphatikizapo mu mapulogalamu awo kuyendera mchikumbutso ichi chochititsa chidwi kwambiri ndi mbiri yakale.

Fortress Carcassonne (France): kufotokoza kwa mzinda ndi malo a Cité

Mpanda uwu unamangidwa ku banki yolondola ya mtsinje Od. Nkhondoyi ili pamtunda, kum'mwera chakum'maŵa kwa mzinda wa Carcassonne wamakono. Mzindawu wokha wakhala ukukhala ndi malo abwino, kuyendetsa malo pakati pa Pyrenees ndi Montagne Noir, ndi njira yochokera ku Mediterranean kupita ku nyanja ya Atlantic. Chilumba chimene nsanjayi ilipo ndi malo okwera mamita zana ndi makumi asanu. Mzinda wonsewu ndi makilomita 65 square, omwe ndi aakulu kwambiri kuposa malo ena onse m'chigawo cha Aude.

Mbiri yakale

Nkhono ya Carcassonne (France) inali kudziwika ngakhale pa nkhondo za ku Gallo-Roman. Anthu ankakhala pamapiri awa kuyambira nthawi yoyamba. Aselote anamanga pano malo akale, omwe amadziwika kuchokera mu zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chimodzi BC. Ndiye, mu 125 BC. Aroma anadza ku gawo lino ndipo adakhazikitsa msasa wotetezedwa (kastrum Yulia Carcaso) pa tsamba ili. Kenaka anaphatikizidwa m'chigawo cha Narbonne Gaul. Msasawo unayamba kutchedwa Karkasum ndipo pang'onopang'ono unapeza ufulu wochuluka komanso mwayi wapadera. Chifukwa idayamba kutchedwa "Shite" - linga lomwe liri ndi mzindawo. Zina za nsanja ndi makoma, zomwe zikhoza kuwonedwa ku Carcassonne zamakono, zojambula zosungiramo zojambula zanyumba za Gallo-Roman. Pambuyo pofooketsa ufumuwo, linga limeneli linakhala imodzi mwa zida za Ufumu wa Visigoths. Iwo anamanga makoma awo okha pa maziko achiroma. Komanso, mfumu ya Visigothik Theodoric inalamula kuti amange tchalitchi. Mu 725 Carcassonne adagwira Saracens. Nthano za nthawiyi zikuphatikizapo maonekedwe a mzindawu panthawiyi. Momwemonso, pamene malo achitetezo anali kuzunguliridwa ndi Charlemagne, mkazi wa mfumu ya Saracen, Dama Carcas, mwachinyengo adamukakamiza kuti asiye asilikali. Ndipotu ulamuliro wa Aarabu unapitirira mpaka 759, pamene adathamangitsa Pepin the Short kuchokera m'mayiko awa.

Middle Ages

Kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana lachisanu ndi chitatu, linga la Carcassonne linali la a Carolingians. Koma popeza adalibe njira komanso luso loyendetsa mzindawo mwachindunji, mmalo mwake adapangidwa ndi ma graph. Koma onse anali ambuye ochepa amene sanakhudze kwambiri chitukuko cha zinthu zawo. Koma, kuyambira m'zaka za zana la khumi ndi chimodzi, Carcassonus anali wa mtundu waukulu wa Trencavelay kupyolera muukwati ndi chikhomo cha otsiriza, mzinda unasinthidwa. Panamangidwa nyumba yaikulu, ndipo mipanda yolimbayo inakonzedwanso. Anayendetsa nyumbayi ndi mphete. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Trenkawel mzindawu unafika pazandale ndi chikhalidwe chawo chochulukirapo. Zochitikazo zinali zotsalira za Earle ya Toulouse ndi Mfumu ya Barcelona.

Epic ya Cathars

Mzinda wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba wa Carcassonne umadziŵika chifukwa cha ntchito yake yotchedwa Albigensian crusade. Olamulira ake anali olekerera Akhristu omwe ankatsutsa nthawi, omwe Mpingo wa Roma Katolika unkatcha Cathars wonyenga. Trenkaweli ankawalemekeza ndi kuwalemekeza ndipo anakana kuwatumizira kwa asilikali achikunja. Mu August 1209, asilikali omwe anatsogoleredwa ndi Arno-Amori, yemwe anali mtsogoleri wa papapa, adagonjetsa mzindawu. Raymond-Roger Trencavel, yemwe anapita kukambirana ndi a besiegers, anagwidwa ndipo kenako, mwachiwonekere, anaphwanyidwa poizoni. Mtsogoleri watsopanoyo adalengezedwa kuti ndi mtsogoleri wa gulu la nkhondo la Simon de Montfort. Anthu onsewa adathamangitsidwa mumzinda ndi malaya awo okha.

Nthaŵi ya ulamuliro wa ku France ndi Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo

Pamene asilikali a chipani cha Crusaders adagonjetsa Carcassonne, nkhonoyo inakhala malo otchedwa Occitania. Simon de Montfort anamulimbikitsanso. Mu Site analoledwa kukhazikitsa okha mgwirizano wake ndi omvera kwa iye olemekezeka ndi amalonda. Anthu onse okhala mumzindawo amayenera kumangidwa kumadera. Ndipotu, masiku amenewo, Carcassonne analimbikitsidwa kuti asadziteteze kwa adani akunja, koma kuteteza kuuka kwa Occitan. Mu makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu khumi ndi zitatu, mwana wa Raymond-Roger anayesa kulanda mzindawo, koma adalephera, ndipo anakakamizidwa kuthawira ku ufumu wa Aragon. Mu 1247 nsanjayi inadulidwa ndi French. Bungwe Lofufuzira Lalikulu ku Occitania litakhazikitsidwa, mzindawu umakhala umodzi wa apolisi atsopano achipembedzo. Pano pali ndende yapadera kwa opatuko - Moore. Mpaka tsopano, maulendo amasonyeza chomwe chimatchedwa Tower of Inquisition. Kuchokera pa izo kunawoneka malo omwe opembedza amatenthedwa pamtengo pamtsinje wa Aude.

Zaka zotsatira. Kubwezeretsa kwa gulu

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, nkhono ya Carcassonne inakhala malire pakati pa France ndi Aragon. Zinakhala zosayembekezereka kwambiri kuti pazaka za zana la zana asilikali a ku Britain sakanakhoza kutenga izo mwa mphepo. Izi zinalephera ndi asilikali a Huguenot panthawi ya mikangano yachipembedzo cha m'ma 1800. Koma pambuyo pa 1659, pamene gawo lonse la chigawo cha Roussillon linakhala gawo la France, malirewo anasamukira kumadzulo, ndipo kufunika kwa Carcassonne kunatsika kwambiri. Zolimba zinasiyidwa. Mzinda wa Carcassonne unayamba kuwonongeka. Nkhondoyi mu nthawi ya Napoleon inali yovuta kwambiri. Boma lidafuna ngakhale kuliwononga. Koma wolemba mbiri wotchuka Prosper Merimee adatsogolera ntchito yapadera yowonetsera anthu kuti apulumutse cholowa cham'katikati. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, kubwezeretsa kwa chikumbutso cha mbiriyakale kunayamba, komwe kunayendetsedwa ndi katswiri wotchuka kwambiri pazaka zomangamanga za nthawi imeneyo, Violet-le-Duc.

Kodi Citée yamakono ikuwoneka bwanji?

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yobwezeretsa mzinda wakaleyo inam'patsa kuyang'ana kwenikweni, ntchitoyi inazindikiridwa ngati ntchito yaulemu. Tsopano nkhono ya Carcassonne ndi zomangamanga zake yakhala pa List of World Heritage List kuyambira 1997. Zovomerezeka zonse zolemba zakale zimagawidwa pakati pa eni osiyana. Makoma, nyumba ya Mapiri, nsanja ndi mipanda ndi malo a boma. Amagawidwa ngati zipilala zamtengo wapatali. Ndipo gawo lonse la Cité ndi la municipalities. Masewu apakatikati apakatikati, mabwalo ndi malo odyera apakatikati apakati amapatsa mzinda chisomo chapadera.

Zochitika zazikulu

Nkhono ya Carcassonne ili kuzungulira ndi makoma awiri a malinga. Kutalika kwathunthu ndi pafupi makilomita atatu. Pa makoma pali nsanja 53 ndi barbakans, pofuna kuteteza mzindawo ku makina ozungulira. Kuwonjezera apo, malo okongola a Cité ndi nyumba ya Count ndi Cathedral ya Saint Nazaría ndi Celsius. Pambuyo pa khomo lalikulu la nsanja, kutsogolo kwa Chipata cha Narbonne mukhoza kuona chitsime cha Dame Carcas. Kumanga kwa tchalitchi chachikulu kumagawidwa magawo awiri - Romanesque ndi Gothic. Kunja kwa tchalitchi kumakongoletsedwa ndi gargoyles ndi pinnacles. M'kachisi muli mawindo akale ovala magalasi. Pakati pa miyala yamtengo wapatali chidwi ndi chitsime chachikulu cholemekeza Simoni de Montfort. Chomwe chimatchedwa kuti nyumba ya zaka khumi ndi chimodzi chinakhala malo osungirako zinthu zakale. Kuwonjezera apo, kumalo a nyumba ya citeteko pali chiwonetsero choperekedwa ku Khoti Lalikulu la Malamulo, lomwe limatchula mbiriyakale ya khothiloli ndi zida zochitira chizunzo.

Carcassonne (linga): ndemanga

Alendo amene abwera kuno akutchula gulu ili lakale monga malo odabwitsa ndi mbiri yakale komanso yodabwitsa. Iye ndi wokongola, "wodabwitsa" ndipo amamangika kwambiri woyendayenda nthawi zakale, ngati kuti amamupangira nawo zochitika. Ikhoza kuyang'anitsidwa kwa maola, muzinthu zonse. Mzindawu unkawoneka kuti unatsika kuchokera ku mediraval engraving. Palibe chifukwa chakuti mafilimu ambiri a mbiriyakale adawomberedwa pano. Kuchokera ku makoma oopseza a nsanja iyi ikuwomba ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu. Ndipo malo okongolawa akuzunguliridwa ndi malo okongola kwambiri.