Geomorphology - Kodi amene sayansi? Zapansi ndi zinthu geomorphology

Kodi mukudziwa kuti amaphunzira geomorphology? Kuyambira dzina lake kwambiri, mukhoza ndikuganiza. Komabe, sangathe anaganiza kuchokera tanthauzo mwatsatanetsatane. Nthawiyi geomorphology - sayansi chiyambi, kapangidwe, ndi mphamvu ya mbiri ya moyo m'nthawi ya dziko lathuli kukhala pamwamba zimachititsa chilumbachi. Choncho, cholinga cha phunziro mmenemo - mpumulo. Ndicho chimene geomorphology. tanthauzo anapatsidwa pamwamba, ife ati awulule mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani ino.

Kodi mpumulo?

Tingamasulire mfundo kiyi. Thandizo, amene amaphunzira geomorphology, kuchotsedwa dziko lonse lapansi padziko roughness, osiyana zaka, chiyambi, kukula, mawonekedwe ndi chitukuko cha nkhaniyo. Tikhoza kunena kuti mitundu zovuta, ndi makamaka dongosolo miyala, ongoyendayenda hydrosphere ndi umachitika ndi mphamvu mkati mwa lathuli. Kuphunzira mpumulo Tadziwanso kotero, ngati munthu ali ndi lingaliro bwino za katundu ndi zikuchokera miyala kuti ndizipange izo. Komanso, m'pofunika kudziwa njira zimene zimakhudza izo.

kutumphuka

Chidziwitso cha kutumphuka padziko lapansi ndi kofunika kwambiri kumvetsa kuti geomorphology kuphunzira. Ndipo auze za izo. The kutumphuka (ie kumtunda kwa izo, ndipo ndipamene mpumulo a) zonse kusintha. mphamvu amadza ake kuti chifukwa cha loyenda mu hydrosphere ndi mpweya njira. Pansi pa dzikoli ndi mankhwala a amkati njira (akuya) zikuchitika mu kuya kwa dzikoli. kusintha ambiri apeza mtendere. Iwo anabwera mchikakamizo cha njira zonse izi. Zimene kutumphuka padziko lapansi? Iwo aumbike mwa metamorphic, nyanja ndi miyala igneous. Iwo mosiyanasiyana mphamvu mkati ndi kunja kuchita iwo.

mbali mpumulo

Akufa organic kanthu ndi zamoyo ndi inakhudza kwambiri mbali mpumulo, pa mapangidwe ake. amadza Umenewu ndi mwachindunji, pamene kulenga enieni biogenic matupi miyala kapena mitundu ya chithandizo, ndi njira zina pamene kusintha mankhwala ndi thupi katundu wa miyala madzi ndi mpweya wa zipolopolo Dziko Lapansi. Onani kuti mpumulo wa dziko palokha, ndi mndandanda wa pamalo amene ali otsetsereka kwambiri, pafupifupi yopingasa, sukhala njira geomorphological. Mwachitsanzo, mu zigwa-atagona ndi m'mapiri zidzachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyana.

mpumulo hypsometry

Ife timathandiza mfundo ina - mpumulo hypsometry. Zimenezi ndi osiyanasiyana anakonzeratu za dziko lapansili ndi ulemu pa nyanja. Komanso mmoyo Relief mapangidwe, nthawi zambiri kuchititsa zomwe simungathe ikuyenda mlingo wina hypsometric. Pano pali chitsanzo. Oundana pansi tikukumana nyengo kumachitika mu kunyanja, otentha ndi kotentha mabacteria yekha mu mapiri aatali. chiwerengero A njira zimawonedwa okha pansi pa nyanja mabeseni kwambiri nyanja.

Mawu akuti "mpumulo" akhoza mwachindunji pamaziko a zimene zanenedwa. Mpumulo - geomorphology chinthu kuphunzira, osakaniza mosiyanasiyana onse zojambula za pamalo amene anapanga ndi mogwirizana ndi kwachilengedwenso kutumphuka, mpweya ndi madzi a zipolopolo dziko.

njira yothandiza kupanga

Popeza matanthwe a kumatanthauza zimachitika izi, ndipo timakambirana za monyanyira padziko limeneli, kuphunzira mpumulo N'zovuta kulingalira popanda chidziwitso cha dongosolo mkati mwa mitundu imene kupanga izo. Yothandiza kupanga ndondomeko ndi osiyanasiyana ndi zovuta kucheza. Komabe, iwo Nthawi zambiri mphamvu yokoka Dziko Lapansi, ngati chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu. Choncho, pamwamba ndingaliro ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro zofunika kwambiri mu geomorphology la mpumulo. Komanso, "anapereka" ndi mphamvu mwa maonekedwe a wothandizila osiyanasiyana akunja, mphamvu yokoka Dziko Lapansi anatsimikiza mpumulo hypsometry.

geomorphology mogwirizana ndi sayansi kunja mkombero dera

Choncho, mpumulo - ndi mankhwala chitukuko miyala, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi chigawo Hrs wa Edene. udindo zokhudza chinthu timasamala ndi sayansi imanena za kufunika musiyane ake pafupi ndi nthambi ngati a nzeru madera thupi ndi nthaka. Geomorphology Komabe, sikuti chikugwirizana ndi iwo. Ndipo posachedwa mudzazindikira bwanji.

Monga tanena kale, geomorphology - sayansi kuti amaphunzira mtunda. Dziwani kuti iye ali ndi malo apadera mu dongosolo la Dziko lapansi. Mfundo yakuti mpumulo ndiye mawonekedwe komanso padziko mogwirizana kwa zipolopolo za padziko lathuli: ndi hydrosphere, mlengalenga lithosphere, ndi biosphere. Pa nthawi yomweyo ndi - chigawo chimodzi cha chilengedwe lawolawo. Choncho, kuphunzira pazipita kuberekana likhoza kukhala tikaonetsetsa molumikizana ndi zigawo zina za chilengedwe lawolawo. Choncho geomorphology - sayansi kuti ali paubale wabwino ndi madera thupi, komanso ndi maphunziro ena a sayansi, kunja mkombero dera.

mbiri geomorphology

Chinthu china khalidwe la izo - mbiri. Geomorphology - sayansi kuti amafuna kudziŵa ndondomeko ya zimene zinachitika pa dziko lapansi zimene zinachititsa kuti zikamera wa malo ano. nzeru zake za sayansi likugwiritsa ntchito zomwe wa nthaka, madera, ndi kulanga zina zambiri zokhudza zachilengedwe ndi mbiri yakale m'zinthu. Makamaka ngati Lapansi - dzikoli, geomorphology amatanthauza sayansi monga zakuthambo ndi cosmogony. Mu nkhani za boma, zikuchokera, dongosolo la zinthu zosiyanasiyana, amene ali nawo mapangidwe zosiyanasiyana mpumulo, iye amagwiritsa zomwe zimapangidwira ndi sayansi.

mitundu ya geomorphology

Geomorphology tsopano sayansi yaikulu kwambiri. Iwo agawidwa m'madera a chidziwitso, mafakitale madera kafukufuku, gawo. Geomorphology angapo njira kafukufuku. sayansi zochimwazo kumathetsa mavuto onse Akutsatira ndi ofunika.

zosiyanasiyana ntchito zonse za sayansi ndi ofanana ndi onse geomorphology akuphunzira ndi mtunda, ake zaka, chiyambi, kusanduka, mwagwirizana chikoka ndi ubale ndi zina ndi mfundo za amkati ndi exogenous chikhalidwe cha Earth.

Mitundu ya geomorphology zotsatirazi:

• ambiri geomorphology;
• mbiri (paleogeomorphology);
• zazikulu;
• mapulaneti;
• dera;
• munda;
• masamu;
• experimental;
• kutali;
• geomorphological sanjira;
• geomorphology a pansi pa nyanja ndi nyanja;
• dziko geomorphology.

Mu sayansi zachitika mbali yapadera, amene amafufuza Relief lomenyera mogwirizana ake ndi nyengo. gawo limeneli limatchedwa nyengo geomorphology. mpumulo Sculptural monga asayansi apeza, ali osiyana nyengo.

The mbali yeniyeni ya geomorphology

Cholinga cha sayansi mbali zothandiza kudziwa malamulo thandizo akupangidwa ndi tsiku ili ntchito ya kumapeto kwa malamulo chowululidwa.

Geomorphology chofunika m'munda wa nyumba hayidiroliki zomangamanga ndi reclamation. Yomanga m'madera louma ulimi wothirira ngalande, ndipo madambo - ngalande maukonde amafuna mosamala kwambiri mpumulo. paradaiso Ayeneranso kudziwa pamene ntchito yomanga okwerera hydropower mu mapiri ndi zigwa. Kupanga mizere kulankhulana ndi kumanga msewu ndi anagwiritsanso mothandizidwa ndi sayansi.

zikayenda ake ntchito mapulani a zikuluzikulu minda, m'matawuni ndi m'mizinda. Pano pali chitsanzo. City Divnogorsk ali otsetsereka kwambiri Madzi a mvula amalowa Yenisei Mtsinje, ndi otsetsereka uphwetsa msanga. mapu Geomorphological ntchito mapulani a m'madera osiyanasiyana. Izo zikusonyeza chipangizo pamwamba zimachititsa chilumbachi anapereka zigawo, makonzedwe okhudza malo ndi chikhalidwe cha mtundu uliwonse. Malinga zimachititsa chilumbachi ndi malo a m'madera zogona, malonda ndi mafakitale, malangizo a misewu. Ofunika ndi kuphunzira pa chipangizo madzi amakampani lalikulu mafakitale ndi midzi yake.

Geological, mtunda, botanical kafukufuku nthaka komanso imayamba ndi kuphunzira alili. Kafukufuku Hydrogeological ndi hydrological amagwiritsidwa kuchitikira kuti amuthandiza.

Geomorphology kumathandiza kwambiri pa chitetezo cha boma bungwe. Atsogoleli a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zina wachita kale ankayembekezera kuyenda ulendo, kutenga nkhani za peculiarities alili. Sayansi yamakono asilikali komanso kumawapatsa chidwi moyenera.

Amayenera kudziwa mitundu lero alipo ndi mawonekedwe a mpumulo, komanso kuoneratu kusintha mwina padziko lathuli muno mchikakamizo cha njira zosiyanasiyana. Zimenezi ndi zoona makamaka Mwachitsanzo, pomanga pansi Kusakhazikika, kapena nyumba mkulu-nyamuka pomanga madoko nyanja.

Geomorphology ndi mchere kufufuza

The kusanthula mbiri, zimachititsa chilumbachi - njira zothandiza kupeza zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe. Choncho, zinthu za geomorphology m'dera lino ali otchuka kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, alluvial miyala ya diamondi, golide, ndi zina mchere wofunika kawirikawiri kugwirizana ndi zakale ndi zamakono maukonde mtsinje, ngati mtsinje umayenda kwa nthawi yaitali linasokoneza zokolola golide miyala ndi kusonkhanitsidwa mu masitepe alluvial mchere katundu. Komanso, chitsulo miyala ndi bauxite kawirikawiri ndendende pa wakale mayikidwe pamwamba. The miyala ya malasha, gasi, mafuta zambiri sachoka nyumba zina tectonic. nyumba izi m'madera ambiri zikugwirizananso mu mawonekedwe a padziko lathuli, kotero miyala ya mchere zimathandiza kudziwa kusanthula mpumulo.

mfundo zikuluzikulu mbiri ya geomorphology

Mpumulo wa padziko lapansi - mmodzi wa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zochita za anthu, linakhalapo kwambiri. Information za iye, ndithudi, anasonkhanitsa kuyambira magawo oyambirira zikamera ndi kukula kwa anthu a. Komabe, mfundo "geomorphology" anaonekera osati nthawi imodzi. Monga mwambo wa sayansi, anayamba kutenga mawonekedwe okha mochedwa 18 - m'ma 19. Izo ndi yogwirizana nthaka, kotero chinayamba pambuyo. Inali pa nthawi imeneyi ntchito choyamba pa zikhalidwe za chitukuko ndi zikamera wa padziko zimachititsa chilumbachi dziko lapansi.

Mu 1763 zinaoneka ntchito "Pa zigawo za Dziko Lapansi 'M. V. Lomonosova (chithunzi cha iye wapatsidwa pamwamba). , Iye choyamba adafotokoza kuti mpumulo chifukwa cha mogwirizana kwa makamu osiyanasiyana exogenous ndipo amkati. Mfundo imeneyi chagona pa mtima wa lero ndi sayansi geomorphological.

M'zaka za m'ma 19 mochedwa, pali ntchito za Pavlov, zathovu, Richthofen, mu zomwe za kapangidwe ndi chiyambi cha pamwamba zimachititsa chilumbachi dziko lapansi, anasonkhanitsa akalambula, systematized, ndipo ankafuna m'kagulu izo. Ndi maina B. zathovu, ofufuza German, ndipo B. Davis, American wasayansi, amagwirizana ndi maonekedwe a choyamba mfundo obschegeomorfologicheskih kusankha sayansi izi wodziimira nthambi ya nzeru.

Geomorphology lero

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, onse m'dziko lathu ndi kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, zambiri chidwi linaperekedwa kwa chitukuko cha geomorphology. Pa dzanja limodzi, ofufuza kulabadira kulumikizana kwa pakati pa kapangidwe Geological ndi mpumulo maonekedwe (akuphunzira structural geomorphology), ndipo winayo, amaganizira exogenous geomorphological njira (zazikulu ndi nyengo geomorphology). Paleogeomorphology, mwachitsanzo kuphunzira alili wakale amenenso anatsindika. Izi, kumene, kokha mbali yaikulu ya chitukuko zina.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa kuti Maphunziro a sayansi ya geomorphology, malingaliro zofunika kugwirizana nazo izo, malangizo a mbiri ndi chitukuko, ife adaperekanso ndemanga. Iye ananenanso kuti n'kofunika kwambiri zochokera mfundo ongolankhula ndi zothandiza maganizo. Ndizosowa geomorphology, m'nkhani ino, ife tikuyembekeza, akhala akugwira.