Nature ndi zimayambitsa kugawikana wa Yairo

Chifukwa kugawikana kwa Russia (komanso m'mayiko ena onse European Middle Ages) anali ndi cholinga preconditions. Chodabwitsa chinali chosavuta chifukwa achilengedwe a chitukuko ubale chikhalidwe, chuma ndi ndale kumayambiriro limati wakunja. Kwenikweni, kugawikana ang'onoang'ono a akatswiri a masiku ano amatchedwa chifooke boma ndi lolimbikitsa yomweyi elites dera mu dziko. Mfumu anali adakali mkulu mu utsogoleri wolowezana, koma sanathenso kudziletsa kwathunthu m'madera onse a dziko. Ndipo nthawi zina zinali ngakhale wokhoza kuteteza pampando ndi magulu ankhondo a awo aang'ono kapena mabungwe awo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti liwu lokha ungagwiritsidwe yekha kwa dziko European. tanthauzo limeneli nthawi zina amanena kuwonongeka, monga Golden gulu kapena Arabic caliphate. Komabe, poyerekezera ndi choncho ankaloledwa m'lingaliro lophiphiritsira, popeza palibe chosatheka kulankhula kwambiri za suzerain-m'manja ubwenzi m'madera sanali European.

Chifukwa kugawikana kwa Russia wakale

Russian akale boma pasakhale chinachake kwambiri osiyana ochokera m'mayiko poto-European. Ndipo apa ndi apo kwambiri njira zofanana zinachitika. Chifukwa kugawikana kwa Russia komanso kugona chakuti atumiki mu zigawo zawo akalandire ufulu ndithu mzinda chapakati, ndipo monga Motero, khama m'zonse. Stolny mwadzina wolamulira wa Russia anali Kalonga wa Kiev, ndipo atumiki ake - akalonga zosiyanasiyana wagawo ndi (Chernihiv, Volyn, Suzdal ndi zina). Mnthawi XII la - XIII zaka mofulumira kuwonjezera kukula kwa dziko wambiri boyars, komanso chiwerengero cha anthu wamba yozungulira, boyars. Mwachibadwa zimenezi iwo wamphamvu kwambiri, mosatsata zonse zofunika kugwiritsa zothandizira mipingo yawo Kalonga Kiev. Pankhaniyi, ubwenzi wa mkulu m'dera la ankaona kuti kwambiri.

Chotero malo mu palibe mbali yaing'ono limodzi ndi kugwirizana ofooka zachuma pakati pa zigawo zosiyana za dzikolo ndi pakalibe zofunika kwambiri ndi kufunika ubale malonda. Azingokhala ang'onoang'ono analinso chifukwa kukula kwambiri ya boma. Dziko kunali kovuta kusunga mu ulamuliro umodzi. Nthawi imeneyi, ndi kukula ndi mzinda ochuluka kulimbikitsa kukula kwa boma ndi kuchepetsa kudalira nyumba kalonga. Choncho, chifukwa kugawikana la Russia anali makamaka kwa zilumikizano ofooka zachuma pakati pa zigawo, komanso mu kukhumba achilengedwe a magulu akuzigawo ufulu. Kalonga lotsiriza la Kiev, amene adakali anatha kusunga dziko Russian mu umodzi, anali mwana Vladimira Monomaha - Mstislav. Komabe, pambuyo pa imfa yake, zomwe zinachitika mu 1132, dziko unasweka mu angapo maukulu pafupifupi palokha.

Kiev kwa nthawi yaitali yapamwamba kwambiri kwa Russian pakati akalonga, koma udindo wake sanalinso mwachangu. Pamodzi ndi onse mumaganiza European, chifukwa kugawikana kwa Yairo ndi chilengedwe cha zodabwitsazi anali mu peculiarities wa dongosolo m'dera la motsatizana. mfundo ndi yakuti mu West panali otchedwa malamulo Salic, sikungathe kusuntha moyo wolowa angakhale mwana wa Mfumu (zambiri wamkulu wa amoyo). Pankhaniyi, abale achinyamata mfumu ndi ana awo ufulu chomveka mpando wachifumu anali. Mu Russia yemweyo, malingana ndi mwambo, mpando wachifumu waukulu unachitikira mwana wamkulu, ndi abale ake wamng'ono anali mu maiko akutali, koma pambuyo pa imfa ya mkulu wa Kiev anali ndi ufulu kulengeza zonena zawo mpando wachifumu kanthu. Mibadwo ochepa chabe tangle udasokonezeka, kuti pakhale mikangano ambiri m'banja, asuweni, nephews ndi amalume Rurik mafumu. Choncho kulenga kwa kugwa ndale za boma ndi zifukwa ndi prerequisites zoonekeratu.

Ndipo zotsatira za kugawikana kwa Yairo

dziko la Asilavo East mu nthawi awa kuimira ambiri maukulu palokha. Kulimbikitsa kumakhoti akulamulira ndi mabanja wolemekezeka chinapangitsa dziko Russian Novgorod Republic, wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn ndi Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu, zikamera ndi kuwuka kwa Moscow. Pamene ena onse a ku Ulaya, ang'onoang'ono kugawikana mu Russia patatha zaka zingapo anagwetsa kukhululukidwa centralized ndipo kenako wa ufumu.