Gertrude Stein: biography, ndemanga, mabuku

Gertrude Stein adatsika m'mbiri monga nthandizi yatsopano komanso yolemba mabuku. Mkazi uyu, kudzera mu moyo wake wonse, anatenga lingaliro la ufulu ku zikhalidwe za anthu, kudzipanga yekha. Akatswiri amamutemberera poyera ndipo amamukakamiza chifukwa cha khalidwe losalamulirika. Koma lero Gertrude Stein ndi mndandanda wa malingaliro opitirira komanso mpainiya wamakono. Kodi iye ndi ndani ndipo adagwira ntchito yotani m'mbiri yakale?

Zithunzi

February 3, 1874 mu tawuni yaing'ono ya ku America Allegheny anabadwa msungwana. Anachokera ku banja lolemera lachiyuda ndipo anali mwana wachiwiri. Bambo ake adagwira bwino ntchito yomanga ndikugulitsa malonda ndipo posakhalitsa anaika ndalama zabwino zomwe ana anali nazo kwa moyo wake wonse.

Mtsikanayo anatchedwa Gertrude. Kuyambira ali wamng'ono anadziwonetsa ngati mwana wodalirika, anaphunzira bwino kusukulu ndipo, potsatira uphungu wa abambo ake, anapita ku koleji, kumene anaphunzira kuwerenga maganizo ndi mankhwala. Komabe, zonsezi zinali zachilendo kwa iye, ndipo ubale wake ndi bambo ake unali wovuta. Atatha msinkhu wake pakati pa miyambo yachiwiri - Paris ndi Vienna, Gertrude Stein anayamba kumva chilakolako cha kukongola.

Nkhondoyo yatopa kwambiri ndi imfa ya makolo. Gertrude ndi mchimwene wake Leo anali amasiye msanga. Choyamba amayi awo anamwalira ndi khansa, kenako bambo ake anamwalira. Tsopano aang'ono Steins ali ndi cholowa chochuluka ndi ndalama zowonjezera kuchokera kuzinthu za banja anasiyidwa okha.

Leo anasamukira ku Paris, kumene anabwereka nyumba yaing'ono ku Flairs Street, 27. Atangomaliza sukulu, mlongo wake anasamukira kwa iye. Kuchokera panthawiyi kumayambira moyo wovuta wa kulenga wa Gertrude.

Nyumba yochititsa chidwi ya Steinov pambuyo pa munda wa Luxembourg inangokhala malo osungirako nyama. Leo anali wotsutsa zojambulajambula ndipo anali kugula ndi kusonkhanitsa zojambula za akatswiri omwe ali ndi luso koma osadziwika akugwira ntchito (cubism).

Gertrude Stein mu bwalo la Parisian intelligentsia akhoza kudzitamandira ndi kukonda kwamapamwamba ndi kukongola. Anali wophunzira, wanzeru ndipo panthawi yomweyo akuwoneka pa lilime, kotero maganizo ake sanangomvedwa, komanso ankawopa nthawi zina. Iye anauzira ndi kuthandizira ojambula ojambula ambiri ndi olemba ndipo adasonkhanitsa mozunguliridwa ndi bwalo lokonzekera lenileni. Ngakhale kuti ntchito yotereyi, Gertrude anapeleka nthawi kwa wolemba wake, ngakhale kuti sanavomerezedwe ndi otsutsa.

Wokondedwa Wamuyaya

Ponena za moyo waumwini wokonda ufulu wa America amadziwa bwino zomwe amakonda kudziko la amai. Iye anali ndi abwenzi ambiri abambo, koma mtima wake unali wa Alice Toklas yekha. Iwo anakumana mu 1907 ndipo kuyambira pamenepo iwo sanalepherepo. Alice anayendayenda ku Ulaya ndipo adaganiza zokomana ndi munthu wina ku Paris. Msonkhanowo unali wowopsya. Paris yonse inali kunong'oneza bwenzi lawo. Ichi chinali chovuta chenicheni kwa anthu. Awiriwo anali osagwirizana kufikira imfa ya Gertrude.

Agogo a Modernism

M'mabukuwa, Stein amadziwika kuti ndi watsopano. Iye sanaganize za kumasuka kwa kalembedwe ndipo nthawizonse ankayesera ndi malemba, mawu, zosavuta zokambirana. Monga Picasso, yemwe anali mnzake wa anzake, Gertrude Stein anasamalira mawonekedwe ena, osati zomwe zili. Ichi chinali chimodzi choyamba m'mbiri ya mabuku omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito m'nkhaniyi kulandira chidziwitso popanda chizindikiro. Ndi khalidwe ili - kupeza zatsopano za mawu - kuti kenako anakhala maziko a modernism, ndipo wolemba mwiniwakeyo amatchedwa agogo a kalembedwe.

Ngakhale zofuna za nthawi ndi miyambo yomwe inakhazikitsidwa m'mabukuwa, Gertrude Stein sanafune kusintha zozizwitsa zake, ngakhale kuti ankatsutsa kwambiri ndipo anavulaza kwambiri wolembayo. Anali wofunitsitsa kudziŵika m'moyo wake, koma masiku ano ankaona kuti ndi wodabwitsa.

Mabuku odziwika ndi ndemanga

Zolemba zamakono Stein nthawi zambiri amadziwika ndi kujambula. Mawu aliwonse muntchito, ngati mapepala a utoto, amagwera pa pepala lachitsulo ndi aliyense mofanana. Mabuku odziŵika kwambiri a Gertrude Stein (Ida, Three Lives) analembedwa makamaka pogwiritsa ntchito akatswiri odziwika bwino (Shakespeare, Flaubert), komanso maubwenzi ndi olemba amakono (Hemingway, Fitzgerald) omwe anali anzake, omwe Yathandizidwa. Izi ndizosiyana kwambiri ndi mtundu wa European avant-garde ndi America. Kuonjezera apo, asanawerengere wamakono wamakono, adakamba zolemba ndi mabuku otchuka a malemba olemba.

Kudzudzula

Chimodzi mwa zolengedwa zake zoyamba, cholembedwa mu 1909, chinali buku la Three Lives. Gertrude Stein anakamba za madyerero azimayi atatu, anthu atatu. Zochitika zikuchitika ku America, ku BridgePoint. Kulankhulidwa kuli koletsedwa, kenako kunatanthauzidwa kukhala "maganizo amodzi". Otsutsa, pogwiritsira ntchito mgwirizano wa pulose ndi kujambula, adalongosola mphamvu ya Cezanne wojambula zithunzi ku France pamene analenga heroine wa Good Anna. Mawu omasuliridwa aulere komanso kugonana kwaulere wa Meline wa heroine anapatsa ufulu wolankhula za ubwenzi wa Stein ndi Picasso. Koma chikoka cha Fauvista Matisse chimamveka kwambiri mu khalidwe la Silent Lena.

Mu 1937 buku lina lofunika linasindikizidwa. Imeneyi inali mbiri yeniyeni ya moyo wake, womwe Gertrude Stein sanachite posankha. "Kujambula Zithunzi Zonse" - Dzina ili linalandira ntchito. Pa masamba a bukhu owerenga samangodziwa zenizeni zazikulu, anthu komanso zochitika pamoyo wa wolemba, komanso ndi kudzidalira kwake. Bukhuli limafotokoza ulendo wa Stein ku US pambuyo pa zaka 30 zomwe sizinachitike komanso kusintha komwe kunachitika m'dzikoli. Ntchitoyi ndi yodzaza ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi, omwe Gertrude Stein anali wochenjera kwambiri. Ndemanga kuchokera kuntchito zake, mwa njira, ndi phunziro lapadera ndi zozizwitsa kwa otsutsa.

Kuzindikiridwa

1940 inali kusintha kwa dziko lonse la France. Ntchito ya a Germany, nkhondo yapangika khungu moyo wa kulenga wa Paris. Zomwe zinachitikira Gertrude zinali zovuta chifukwa chakuti anali Myuda. Anapemphedwa kuti achoke kwa kanthawi, koma, kale mayi wachikulire, adaganiza zokhulupirira chiwonongeko chake ndikukhala m'nyumba ya dziko. Mu 1944, vutoli linayamba kuchepa, ndipo mlembiyo anabwerera kwawo ku Paris. Komabe, patatha zaka ziwiri Gertrude Stein anapezeka ndi khansa. Kuchokera mu ululu kupulumutsidwa kokha morphine. July 27 chinali ntchito yovuta. Olemba mtima ake sakanakhoza kuima ...

Pa moyo wa Gertrude Stein sanavomerezedwe ndi anthu. Chifukwa cha khama lake lonse ndi kuyesera kwake, adanyozedwa, kusakhulupirika ndi kusagwirizana. Pakatikati pa zaka zapitazo, wolembayo adalankhula bwino. Mabuku a Gertrude Stein anamasuliridwa m'zinenero zambiri, kuphatikizapo Russian, ndipo adabweretsanso ndalama za golidi zojambula za dziko. Ndipo wolemba yekhayo anali wowerengedwa pakati pa zowerengeka za mabuku a ku America.

Muse wa Art

Makhalidwe ake anali ochuluka komanso nthawi yomweyo. Stein anafotokoza momasuka maganizo ake, analibe tsankho, koma anali wokhudzidwa ndi kutsutsa ena. Wopikisana wotere sakanakhoza kuyang'anitsitsa ndi luso la luso. Kotero, Pavel Chelishchev (yemwe anayambitsa chida chachinsinsi cha Russia) adagwiritsa ntchito fano la Gertrude polembera "Phenomena". Ntchito yotchuka kwambiri ndi "Chithunzi cha Gertrude Stein" - kulengedwa kwa Pablo Picasso.

Wolembayo akuwonekera mu filimu: mu filimuyi "Modernists" (1987), pa chithunzi cha Woody Allen "Midnight ku Paris" (2011). Chithunzi cha Gertrude chiripo m'mabuku olembedwa: Hemingway "Phwando Limene Limakhala Nanu Nthawizonse" ndi Satterthwaite "Masquerade." Nthano za Stein mu zaka zosiyana zinali zozikidwa ndi nyimbo ndi olemba America Virgil Thompson (1934) ndi James Tinney (1970). Lero ku New York, ku Bryant Park, pali chikumbutso kwa wolemba.

Zosangalatsa

• Mu nyumba ya Gertrude Stein, ojambula ambiri a nthawi yomwe ankafuna kulowa. Ndani anapempha kwa mlembi kuti amupatse uphungu, yemwe ali kumbuyo kwa chithandizo, yemwe ali kumbuyo kwa "kutsutsa" kutsutsidwa. Alendo ake otchuka anali Ernest Hemingway ndi Scott Fitzgerald, omwe Gertrude Stein mwiniwakeyo anapereka tanthawuzo la "m'badwo wotayika" - akuluakulu omwe sankakhoza kupeza malo awo m'moyo.
• Mkulu wa Gertrude Leo Stein sanavomereze chisankho cha mlongoyo kuti akhale ndi Alice Toklas. Iye adatsutsa zomwe adachita pochoka panyumba pa Fleuryu Street ndi kuchoka kwa chibale ndi Gertrude.
• Ngakhale kuti Gertrude Stein anali nyenyezi yotsogoleredwa ndi akatswiri ambiri oyamba kupanga luso la zojambulajambula komanso chidziwitso chodziwika bwino, adziwerengera yekha luso lapamwamba, ndipo ntchito yolimbikira nthawi zambiri sankalandira yankho kuchokera kwa anthu. Kukhumudwa kunalimbikitsidwa chifukwa chakuti ankasangalala ndi ulemu ndi "akaidi" ake pamene analibe chidziwitso. Pomwe alandira chidziwitso, nthawi zambiri amasiya chiyanjano komanso amalankhula molakwika za umunthu wa wolembawo.