Glycerin - ndi chiyani ichi? Katundu ndi ntchito ya thunthu. Kodi kupanga glycerin?

Glycerin - ndi mowa trivalent. Izo ntchito mankhwala, adzasowa chakudya, mafuta odzola ndi ngakhale kupanga dynamite. Kodi katundu wa glycerol? Ndingafike kwawo?

Glycerin ndi chiyani?

Glycerin ndi chinthu organic ndi ndi mowa trihydric. mankhwala ake mawonekedwe zikuwoneka ngati C ₃ H ₈ O ₃ kapena HOCH ₂ -CH (o) -CH ₂ HA. Tanthauzo la glycerol mwachindunji ndi katundu wake. Dzinali amachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "glycosylation" kapena "okoma" chifukwa cha zokoma kukoma kwa chinthu.

Glycerin - madzi bwino, m'malo viscous ndi odorless mwamtheradi. Si poizoni ndipo si chakupha, kotero musati angabweretse vuto mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi khungu. Mu chilengedwe glycerol mbali ya mafuta a nyama ndipo amapezeka mafuta kwambiri masamba. A mbali ting'onoting'ono ndi mwazi wa nyama.

glycerin woyamba anatulukira mu 1783, pamene sayansi Carl Scheele ntchito saponification kunyama ndi thandizo la okusayidi patsogolo. Pa Kutentha kwa okusayidi mafuta anayamba kupanga sopo yankho. Pambuyo evaporation ake anapanga yomata lokoma manyuchi.

katundu

thunthu ali mkulu hygroscopic, mwachitsanzo luso kuyamwa chinyontho ndi amawagwiritsitsa. kuwira mfundo zake ndi 290 madigiri Celsius. Pa Reflux, glycerin pang'ono linawola. Pa kutentha madigiri 362 akhoza zokha azinyadira. M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, thunthu alibe katundu oyaka koma ukuphwera pamene usavutike. Kuyaka limodzi ndi kutuluka kwa madzi ndi mpweya.

Glycerin si sungunuka mu mafuta, chimasanduka ndi mabwalo, koma mwangwiro sungunuka m'madzi ndi alcohols. Pamene anawonjezera kuti madzi limapezeka chidule kapena kuchepetsa voliyumu ya njira, ndi auka kutentha. Mu osakaniza chotero, ndi yozizira koopsa mfundo madzi adatchithisira.

Ndi mchere ndi zidulo carboxylic imagwiritsidwa glycerol esters. Pakati pake penipeni, mafuta izi nawo ndondomeko za kagayidwe ndipo amagwira ntchito zofunika kwachilengedwenso mu thupi la nyama. Ena a iwo, mwachitsanzo, phospholipids.

Ester ndi glyceryl trinitrate. thunthu kumafuna wa glycerol acid nitrous. Izi wochuluka poizoni ndipo kwambiri zachiwawa madzi, tcheru ndi mpheto pang'ono.

Glycerol ndi hydroxide mkuwa kupanga mdima buluu njira ndi kuvunda wathunthu wa precipitate, kusonyeza kuti katundu acidic mowa. Glycerin amatha Kutha alcohols onunkhira, soda, shuga salt ndi zina mankhwala organic ndi zochita kupanga.

Njira lokonzekera

Woyamba m'mbiri ya ndondomeko yopangira glycerol - ndi omylivanie. Anaonekera pa malo ena chikhazikitso sayansi Scheele. The chifukwa cha ndondomekoyi ndi sopo njira ndi glycerol. Kenako, ayenera anapatukana, chimene ntchito sodium kolorayidi. Ndiye glycerol m'pofunika thicken ndi oyera ndi distillation kapena adamulowetsa mpweya.

njira ina kumafuna kuwonjezera madzi mafuta. Pa kufinya ena, ali mkangano chipolowe kwa maola khumi, kenako utakhazikika. Pambuyo yozizira mankhwala bwino ogaŵikana zigawo zingapo pansi - glycerine ndi madzi mu chapamwamba - acid.

mankhwala nazonso akamagwira hydrolysis chakudya, monga wowuma, nzimbe shuga. Koma ndiye anapanga si koyera madzi, ndi osakaniza glycols zosiyanasiyana.

Zonse mwa njira zimenezi kuthandiza kuti otchedwa chakudya glycerin. Kulibe vuto lililonse kwa anthu ndi anawonjezera kwa yokonza zakudya zina. Mosiyana ndi izi, ndipo pali glycerine luso. Nkhanizi sanali kuwapeza masamba ndi zipangizo nyama yaiwisi, ndipo propylene - mafuta kuyaka ndi zotsatira amphamvu chomwa mankhwalawa.

ntchito

Ndi chakudya, ndi glycerin luso chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu miyoyo yathu. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri kupanga resins kupanga. Nitroglycerin ntchito yopanga dynamite ndi mabomba ena. Mu mankhwala, mankhwala yemweyu ndiye adzakhala wamkulu kwa mankhwala, dilates Mitsempha.

Makampani, izo ntchito kupanga pepala, detergent. Kupanga magetsi wailesi pa soldering umakhala kamwazi ndi. Glycerin ntchito kupanga mapulasitiki, utoto yomanga ndi vanishi.

Makampani chakudya m'kaundula monga zowonjezera E422. emulsifier ichi chimene chili chofunika kuonjezera kukhuthala, komanso polenga zikulumikizana zosiyanasiyana. thunthu ndi membala wa kukonzekera zambiri ntchito mankhwala kwa makatiriji ndudu pakompyuta, kupanga makandulo. Mu zamoyo glycerol zofunika asayambe zimakhala, ziwalo, zamoyo ndi kukonzekera anatomical.

Glycerine mu zodzoladzola

Chifukwa glycerin lofotokozabe chinyezi, izo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito zosiyanasiyana odzola khungu ndi chisamaliro tsitsi. Umapezeka sopo, mu chakudya ndi moisturizing creams.

thunthu likulowerera mu khungu, mu maselo madzi akugwira. Choncho, sapereka khungu kuti auma kwambiri ndi amphwayi. Koma ulinso kuipa. chakuti mpweya ndi mpweya youma kwambiri (osakwana 65% chinyezi), glycerine akuyamba kuyamwa chinyontho ku khungu, mopitirira kukhetsa izo.

Bwinobwino cosmetologists musati amalangiza kuti ntchito m'nyengo yozizira. Komanso zofunika kufanana. Pamaso pa wochepa glycerol mu kirimu bwino kokha katundu wa khungu. Pamodzi ndi mankhwala ena ntchito maphikidwe kunyumba kwa masks ndi lotions. Mwachitsanzo, osakaniza ndi lalanje ndi madzi oyeretsera ndi toning, tsitsi ntchito pamodzi ndi dzira, uchi, Kasitolo mafuta ndi zinthu zina.

Kodi kupanga glycerin?

Ndikufuna kugula glycerin. Iwo akhoza kuphikidwa kunyumba. Zimenezi zimafuna mafuta a nyama (1.9 makilogalamu), soda (342 mg), madzi (995 mg) ndi mchere. Mafuta akhoza kumwedwa pa nyama iliyonse, n'kuchotsapo mitsempha onse ndi mitsempha ya magazi. Ndiyeno ife kuchita motere:

• chimasungunula zidutswa za mafuta pa moto sing'anga;
• kusiya kwa kuziziritsa digiri 35;
• mu chotengera osiyana kukonza soda, kutaya mu madzi;
• soda kutentha ayenera kufika madigiri 35, ndiye pang'onopang'ono mosamala kutsanulira mu poto ndi mafuta;
• mwamsanga kusonkhezera zosakaniza vsyp mchere;
• kupitiriza "mchere" ndi kusonkhezera mpaka osakaniza akuyamba kugawanitsa mu madzi bwino ndi njira mitambo pansi oposa;
• kugwira lonse pamwamba wosanjikiza - sopo ichi, wosanjikiza m'munsi - glycerol;
• ife zosefera glycerol kupyolera sieve kapena gauze kuchotsa particles ka sopo.

Kuchita yokonza glycerol yekha ayenera kukhala osamala kwambiri. Dilution ndi madzi soda ndi usavutike kuposa madigiri 90. Ayenera ntchito magolovesi, magalasi (nthunzi) ndi kuchepetsa soda mu chidebe wapadera.