Misa elekitironi - mtengo ndi zazing'ono vavu

Ngati offhand kufunsa anthu 100 dzina osachepera atatu odziwika particles pulayimale, n'zotheka kuti aliyense adzaitana onse atatu, koma palibe munthu adzakhala kukumbukira ngwazi kutchuka - elekitironi. Wamng'ono, lightest mwa mlandu onyamula tinthu, wopezeka paliponse ... ndipo mwatsoka, ndi "zoipa", iye ndi membala wa chinthu chilichonse padziko lapansi ndi kukhala ndi woyeneradi chithandizo chapadera. Dzina particles zinachokera ku Greece kuchokera ku mawu achigiriki otanthauza "Amber" - zakuthupi kuti amakondedwa kwa mphamvu yake wakale kukopa ndi kusunga zinthu zazing'ono. Ndiye, pamene phunziro la magetsi anapindula kwambiri ambiri, mawu akuti "elekitironi" wabwera zikutanthauza indivisible, motero zing'onozing'ono botolo la kuyang'anira.

Moyo wosatha ma elekitironi monga mbali yomweyi ya nkhani, anapatsa gulu la sayansi kutsogoleredwa ndi Yohane. Dzh.Tomsonom. Mu 1897, iwo anali kufufuza cheza cathode wofotokozedwa kukhala oona pakompyuta misa ndi mlandu, ndipo tinapeza kuti chiŵerengero izi sikudalira chuma cathode. Chotsatira mu chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha elekitironi anapanga Becquerel mu 1900. Mu kuyesera wake, anali atatsimikizira kuti Analandira beta cheza amagwiritsidwa anapanduka m'munda magetsi, ndipo awo misa ndi mlandu chiŵerengero wofanana cheza cha cathode. Zinali woyenereradi umboni kuti elekitironi - ndi "chidutswa palokha" wa atomu a chinthu chilichonse. Ndiyeno, mu 1909, Robert Millikan mu kuyesera ndi m'malovu mafuta amene anagwa mu munda magetsi, anatha kuyeza mphamvu magetsi omwe amakhala mphamvu yokoka. Kenako wadziwa mtengo wa pulayimale, mwachitsanzo laling'ono mlandu:

eo = - 1,602176487 (49) * 10-19 Kl.

Izo zinali zokwanira kuti elekitironi misa inaŵerengeredwa:

ine = 9,10938215 (15) * 10-31kg.

Zingatanthauze kuti tsopano kuti zonse zatha, koma chinali chiyambi chabe za njira yaitali chidziwitso cha chikhalidwe cha elekitironi lapansi.

Kwa nthawi yaitali stalemate sayansi lili komabe kutsimikiziridwa, koma amanena yokha awiri yachisoni chikhalidwe cha elekitironi kuti: kwadzidzidzi katundu makina limasonyeza tinthu, ndipo zatsopano pa kusokonezedwa wa matabwa elekitironi pa ming'alu kufanana akuwonetseredwa yoweyula chikhalidwe. Nthawi chowonadi zinadza mu 1924, pamene woyamba de A Broglie anapereka zinthu zonse, ndi elekitironi, nayenso, mafunde, dzina lake, ndi zaka 3 Pauli anamaliza mapangidwe mwa mfundo zofunika okonzera kwadzidzidzi kufotokoza chikhalidwe kwadzidzidzi wa particles. Kenako, nayenso Erwin Schrödinger ndi Paulo Dirac - complementing mzake, anapeza maikwezhoni kufotokoza akamanena za elekitironi imene elekitironi misa ndi Planck mosaleka, mfundo kwadzidzidzi anasonyeza aziweyulira makhalidwe kudzera - pafupipafupi ndipo timaganiza.

Kumene, N'zachinyengo ili ndi tinthu pulayimale ndi zotsatirapo imafika. Patapita nthawi, zinadziwika kuti makhalidwe a elekitironi ufulu ndi mankhwala (chitsanzo - ndi cathode cheza) - siliri chimodzimodzi ndi cha elekitironi mu mawonekedwe a magetsi mu galasi lapansi. Kwa elekitironi free, misa chikudziwika ngati "Unyinji wa elekitironi lapansi." Chikhalidwe thupi la elekitironi misa kusiyana m'mikhalidwe yosiyana motere chakuti mphamvu umadalira pa machulukitsidwe maginito danga limene limayenda. Pamakhala "disassembly" akusonyeza kuti maginito kusuntha ma elekitironi mu wochititsa, kani, otaya ziliri pa nkhani sikudalira pa ukulu wa mtengo onyamula, ndi kulemera zake. Komano, ndi maginito mphamvu kachulukidwe wofanana osalimba a mphamvu kayendedwe milandu kusuntha, pamene kukula kwa mphamvu imeneyi kwenikweni zofanana misa kuchuluka kwa mlandu zonyamulira amatchedwa "ogwira misa". Analytically izo zinanenedweratu kuti ndi zambiri ufulu elekitironi misa mu / 2λ nthawi, kumene - mtunda pakati pa ndege zikuthamangathamanga wochititsa, λ - kuya kwa mphamvu ya maginito a wosanjikiza khungu.

The sayansi Nyerere misa elekitironi ndi imodzi mwa zokhazikika pakuyenerera. Wambiri ya elekitironi siinathe - nthawizonse maphunziro zogwirizana ndi kufunika, kumene amachita ngati ophunzira zonse. Iwo kalekale momveka bwino kuti, ngakhale ang'ono, losavuta komanso ndi popanda chilengedwe - osati sitepe limodzi.