Mapangidwe, Sekondale ndi sukulu
Habitat flatworms. mitundu flatworms
Animal Mtundu flatworms, amene anaphatikiza m'gulu la bilaterally symmetrical, anaphunzira sayansi ndi zamoyo. Flatworms (Platyhelminthes) si mamembala a gulu, amanena kuti oposa 90% ya nyama, kuphatikizapo nyongolotsi annelid ndi kuzungulirako, arthropods, mollusks, etc.
Maonekedwe ndi kufotokozera flatworms
Platyhelminthes m'ma Chigiriki amatanthauza "mphutsi lonse." Izi wosazindikira mphutsi nyama zonse zopanda mafupa, amene alibe M'mimbamo thupi, anaikira zopereka, kugawa ndi excretion zakudya. Ambiri mwa iwo ndi majeremusi, ndipo ena amakhala m'madzi kapena pa dziko ndi chinyezi mkulu. Iwo yodziwika ndi zovuta mkombero moyo, imene pali kusintha wa makamu wapakatikati, mpaka nyongolotsi osati anakakhala matupi komaliza khamu.
Mitundu ya flatworms ndi osiyanasiyana ndi kufalikira padziko lonse lapansi. Pali pafupifupi 25 chikwi.
Gawo flatworms Scientific
Flatworms za ufumu wa amgwirizano (ofananira mbali zonse) protostomes nyama. Mogwirizana ndi nkhani zina zomwe chikanachitika pofuna kugawanitsa flatworms magulu osiyana, asayansi m'kagulu monga gulu paraphyletic. Pamafunikanso oimira mbali yaing'ono ya mbadwa za makolo chomwecho.
Kapangidwe ka ziwalo za m'kati flatworm
flatworms thupi elongated ndi flattened, opanda M'mimbamo mkati. Kuti ndi malo onse nadzaza maselo. Mkati, pali zigawo minofu, amene pamodzi ndi mthunzi kupanga nyongolotsi musculocutaneous thumba.
Dongosolo la ziwalo:
- Dongosolo m'mimba ukufanizidwa ndi pakamwa ndi akhungu (palibe mwayi) intestine. Zakudya amalowera kamwa, ndipo akhoza chosakanikirana ndi thupi padziko lonse.
- Mantha dongosolo tichipeza ubongo ndiponso mitsempha zipilala ganglion. Ena makalasi flatworms ali wosazindikira mgwirizano ziwalo masomphenya.
- Dongosolo excretory imakhala ndi tubular wapadera, koma zambiri kumasula amapezeka mu pamwamba thupi.
- dongosolo ubereki ankayimiridwa ngati mkazi (ovariectomized) ndi mwamuna (testes) kumaliseche. Flatworms ndi hermaphrodites.
Kusiyana pakati mphutsi mosabisa ndi kuzungulirako
Roundworms ndege osiyana ndi a chigawo mtanda wa thupi ali ndi mawonekedwe zozungulira. Roundworms akadali otchedwa nematodes. Kukhala bilaterally symmetrical dongosolo thupi, ali minofu bwino anayamba. Koma kusiyana zazikulu flatworms ndi kuti wozungulira ndi eni thupi M'mimbamo, ndi lathyathyathya - palibe.
A zosiyanasiyana makalasi a flatworms
Table "Flatworms" zikusonyeza bwino lomwe gulu la mtundu makalasi, yomwe sayansi yamakono ali zisanu ndi ziwiri.
Dzina la kalasi | malo | miyeso | mayendedwe amoyo |
Monogeneans (flukes) | Ntchito chimbale zomatira kumapeto kumbuyo kwa monogeneans mbozi zaikidwa ndi makutu a nsomba ndi khungu la achule ndi akamba | laling'ono kwambiri, pafupifupi zosakwana 1 mamilimita | Pa moyo, mbozi ali mbuye, amene akugwa mu mawonekedwe a ufulu akuyandama mphutsi |
Tsestodoobraznye | Majeremusi m'thupi M'mimbamo wa nsomba madzi oyera ndipo akamba | Utali ranges kuchokera 2.5 mpaka 38 masentimita | Mphutsi kukhala mu thupi la nkhanu ndi mazira kuwameza. Atatha kudya crustacean inakhala m'madzi ndi munthu wamkulu mosavuta kwa m'matumbo a ukusunthira latsopano mwini mu M'mimbamo thupi, amene amakhala ndi Mitundu |
aspidogastrea | Iwo amakhala mu matupi a molluscs, madzi oyera ndi saltwater nsomba | Kukula wamkulu kawirikawiri amakwaniritsa oposa 15 mamilimita | kangapo kusintha eni kwa kayendedwe ka moyo mphutsi |
Trematodes (flukes) | Kodi majeremusi a inakhala ndi invertebrates, munthu. Moyo mu matumbo, ndulu, chiwindi | Makulidwe zingasiyane malingana ndi malo nyongolotsi parasitism wamkulu ndipo kungakhale kuchokera 2 mm 1 mita | Pa moyo, ndili ndi eni angapo. The larva amakhala woyamba gastropods, yemwe anamwalira. Zimakhala mkati pamene ingested cercariae (okonzeka kunyamuka kwa akuluakulu chomaliza khamu larva) |
|
gyrocotylidea | Kodi majeremusi a nsomba cartilaginous, chimaeras mu khola helical wa intestine ndi | Kuchokera 2 20 cm | Hypothetically, mphutsi poyamba kukhala mu thupi la khamu wapakatikati, ndipo kenako anasamukira ku nsomba. Koma chifukwa chakuti nsomba chimeric kwambiri, experimentally ndi kungoganizira sichinayambe anatsimikizira |
lamba | flatworms malo intestine ya nyama ndi munthu, khoma limene iwo adzadziphatika mwamphamvu ndi gulu mutu | Angafikire 10 m. | Wofalitsa chikuchitika mu thupi makamu, mazira ili mu madzi, inatuluka dziko. Pali larva, amene pambuyo magawo atatu a chitukuko inasanduka njoka zam'mimba amene ndi wokonzeka parasitize ndi kusintha. Akuluakulu akhoza kusintha eni |
ciliated | Makamaka ufulu-nyongolotsi moyo mu madzi atsopano ndi mchere, nthawizina mu nthaka chonyowa | Kutalika kwa thupi ranges ku kukula tosaoneka ndi 40 cm | The larva akufanana ndi wamkulu nyongolotsi ukuonekera mazira, akukhala pakati pa zomera mpaka kukula |
Makalasi flatworms, onse koma chimodzi (ciliated mphutsi) ndi majeremusi. Ambiri a iwo ndi zotsatira chidwi pa anthu a madzi oyera ndi saltwater nsomba, kuchepetsa iwo.
Kukhala ndi luso parasitize pa khungu, makutu pansi mphutsi zikukhalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana matenda mkati, chimene chiri chifukwa cha matenda misa ndi imfa ya nsomba.
turbellarians
Turbellarians (turbellarians) ndi ogwirira amene kudya invertebrates yaing'ono, arthropods ndi ngakhale ngale zikuluzikulu. Iwo kumeza yaing'ono nyama lonse kapena magulu amphamvu wakuyamwa wang'ambidwa zidutswa ake.
thupi mphutsi akhoza buluzi paokha. nthumwi Bright ndi Planaria, imene ngakhale mbali zochepetsetsa za thupi kachiwiri kukula mu munthu wathunthu.
Flatworms mu m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera kunyumba
Helminths angakhale ndi vuto lalikulu kwa anthu amene mukufuna kuswana nsomba m'chere zokhala m'malo owetera.
Habitat flatworms makamaka madzi. Monga flukes, flatworms akhoza Ufumuyo ndi chimbale zomatira pamwamba pa khungu ndi makutu a nsomba Aquarium.
Nyongolotsi wamkulu kuikira mazira kumene mphutsi kuti moyo pa khungu la nsomba. Pang'onopang'ono, iwo amalowa pa makutu awo, amene kukula, kufika pamsinkhu wobereka.
nsomba Young timakhala kwambiri majeremusi ofooka. Mapangidwe limodzi lalikulu mphutsi pa makutu ndi kumabweretsa imfa ya thupi, ndipo kenako imfa ya nsomba.
Mitundu ina flatworms kulowa kunyumba Aquarium ndi nthaka, chakudya moyo. mphutsi wawo padziko algae pa khungu anthu ambiri latsopano Aquarium nsomba.
Kuchotsa majeremusi banja kwa nsomba, m'pofunika kukhala nawo osambira ndi Kuwonjezera 5-bitsillina ndi mchere kwa mphindi 5.
Koopsa tizirombo thanzi la munthu
flatworms nkhani, makamaka pa vuto la ulamuliro tizilombo, n'kofunika osati kwa nsomba ndi nkhono. Pali matenda anthu ndi mphutsi, nkhondo kuti akhoza kukhala aatali ndi chopweteka.
Mitundu ina ya majeremusi anthu ndi nyama zina:
- Pseudophyllidea (njoka zam'mimba za matepi lonse). Infection angayambe kwa iwo ngati alipo zakudya zosaphika, nsomba bwino mchere. Mu intestine ka njoka zam'mimba za matepi anthu angathe kukhala kwa zaka zambiri, kufika kutalika 20 m.
- Aeniarhynchus saginatus (Bovine njoka zam'mimba za matepi). Habitat flatworms - matumbo wa munthu ndi ng'ombe. Prisasyvayas kuti makoma ake, helminth akula 10 m. The mphutsi akhoza kukhala ziwalo zina za m'kati, mu malo akutali (ubongo, minofu, chiwindi), kawirikawiri iwo zosatheka kwathunthu kuchotsa. Wodwala akhoza kukuphani. Infection limapezeka mwa ingestion mazira a nyongolotsi m'mimba ndi zokwanira matenthedwe chakudya kukonzedwa kuchokera manja akuda.
- Echinococcus (Echinococcus) ndi wamba agalu ndi amphaka, iwo ikuyenda thupi mwamuna. Ngakhale kukula yaing'ono - 5 mm - luso mawonekedwe ake Finns larval, zanzi ziwalo, wakupha. Mphutsi amatha kulowa kupuma, fupa, dongosolo mkodzo. Flatworms echinococci amapezeka ubongo, chiwindi ndi ziwalo zina za m'kati. Munthu n'zosavuta mphutsi kachilombo excreted ndi galu, amene kufalikira ku chovala, ndi ku zinthu zonse banja ndi chakudya.
- Chiwindi fluke - lobadwa cholecystitis, biliary colic, matenda a m'mimba ndipo matumbo, chifuwa. Habitat flatworms ambiri nyama chiwindi anthu ndi magazi ofunda, ya ndulu njira. Thupi kutalika fluke si upambana 3 cm. Mbali yapadera si yekha okhwima anthu, koma mphutsi yawo amatha kubereka.
Kuteteza matenda ndi helminths
zodzitetezera kugwa mazira ndi mphutsi ndi mphutsi mu thupi motere:
- M'pofunika kusamba m'manja bwinobwino ndi sopo musanadye chakudya, pambuyo kuyendera malo onse, zimbudzi, street, kulankhulana ndi ziweto.
- Sambani masamba zosaphika ndi zipatso ndi madzi ofunda ndi sopo.
- Musadye nyama yaiwisi ndi nsomba.
- Long kutentha ankachitira chakudya, makamaka nyama ndi nsomba.
- Samalani kupewa yake ya infestations parasitic za ziweto.
- Nthawi zonse, kamodzi pa chaka, kutenga fecal mazira helminth.
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