Kodi mitundu mabakiteriya: mayina ndi mitundu

The wamkulu zamoyo padziko lapansili. nthumwi zake osati anapulumuka kwa zaka mabilioni, koma ndi mphamvu ya kuwononga maganizo ena onse a dziko lapansi. M'nkhaniyi tiona kodi mabakiteriya.

Kukamba za dongosolo lawo, ntchito, ndi kuwatcha mitundu ina zothandiza ndi zoipa.

Kupezeka kwa mabakiteriya

Tiyeni tiyambe ulendo wathu mu ufumu wa yaying'ono-zamoyo ndi tanthauzo a. Mukutanthauza chiyani "mabakiteriya"?

Mawu akuti amachokera ku mawu a Chigiriki "Wand". mawu ake apamwamba koyamba wachikhristu Ehrenberg. tizilombo Izi si nyukiliya, wopangidwa mwa selo limodzi ndi opanda pachimake. Poyamba, iwo anali kutchedwa "prokaryotes" (sanali nyukiliya). Koma mu 1970 padali kugawanikana mu Archaea ndi eubacteria. Komabe, mpaka tsopano zambiri mawu akuti ichi prokaryotes onse.

Bacteriology sayansi maphunziro, zomwe ndi mabakiteriya. Akatswiri a sayansi amanena kuti panopa pali zikwi khumi osiyanasiyana zamoyo. Komabe, akukhulupirira kuti ali oposa mamiliyoni nyama.

Anton Levenguk, ndi Dutch zachilengedwe, wasayansi ndi membala wa Royal Society, mu 1676, mu kalata ku UK limafotokoza angapo mogwirizana, amene anatulukira. uthenga wake analumphira anthu mu mantha, anatumizidwa ku komiti ya London kuti iwiri onani deta.

Pambuyo Neemiya Gryu watsimikizira zambiri, Leeuwenhoek anakhala katswiri wotchuka ngati mpainiya wa zamoyo losavuta. Koma zolemba iye anati kwa iwo monga "animalkuli".

ntchito yake anapitiriza ndi Ehrenberg. Ndi kafukufuku uyu anayamba masiku akuti "mabakiteriya" mu 1828.

Robert Koch anakhala chosintha ku tizilombo tosaoneka ndi maso. Iye postulates mu ubale wawo tizilombo ndi matenda osiyanasiyana, ndipo akutchula ena a iwo monga oyambitsa a. Makamaka, Koch anatulukira bakiteriya zimene zimachititsa chifuwa chachikulu.

Izo zisanachitike basi kuphunzira yekha mu mawu ambiri, kuti pambuyo 1930, pamene woyamba elekitironi maso, sayansi wapanga tumphatumpha umenewu wakhazikitsidwa. Woyamba limayambira mozama kapangidwe ka tizilombo. Mu 1977, wasayansi American Karl Veze alekanitsa prokaryotes pa archaea ndi mabakiteriya.

Choncho, tikhoza kunena motsimikiza kuti chilango ichi ndi chokhacho kwambiri chiyambi cha chitukuko. Amene amadziwa zambiri zimene zambiri zikuyembekezera ife zaka kudza.

kapangidwe

Pa kodi mabakiteriya, 3 kalasi kale amadziwa yekha. Ana amaphunzira kapangidwe ka tizilombo m'kalasi. Tiyeni tifufuze pang'ono mu nkhaniyi kuti achire mfundo. Popanda ife kudzakhala kovuta kukambirana mfundo zotsatirazi.

Chochuluka mabakiteriya tichipeza selo imodzi yokha. Koma ndi osiyana mtundu.

Kapangidwe zimadalira njira ya moyo, n'zodalirika wa bakiteriya a. Choncho pali cocci (kuzungulira), Clostridium ndi Bacillus (ndodo-mphako), spirochetes ndi vibrios (akutsirizika), mu mawonekedwe a cubes, nyenyezi ndi tetrahedrons. Iwo amatchuka kuti ndi osachepera kuchuluka kwa zakudya mu bakiteriya malo amakonda kuonjezera m'dera pamwamba. Iwo amakula maphunziro owonjezereka. Asayansi kuitana excrescences awa "prostheca".

Choncho ife tinapeza, kodi mitundu ya mabakiteriya, m'pofunika kuti akonze dongosolo awo mkati. Tating'ono zikakhala ndi akonzedwa zonse nyumba zitatu. zinthu zina zingasiyane, koma pachimake nthawizonse zidzakhala chimodzimodzi.

Motero, aliyense mabakiteriya ndi kwenikweni pano mphamvu kapangidwe (nyukiliotayidi) organelles sanali Kakhungu udindo mapuloteni kaphatikizidwe kwa amino zidulo (a ribosome) ndi protoplast. Chathachi chikuphatikizapo cytoplasm ndi Kakhungu cytoplasmic.

Kuyambira aukali kunja Kakhungu chikoka selo atetezedwe likule, chomwe ndi linga la kapisozi ndi chivundikiro. Ena mitundu zimapezekanso formations zachiphamaso ngati villi ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana. Iwo ithandiza mabakiteriya mosavuta kusamukira ku malo, kupereka chakudya.

kagayidwe

Pambuyo tidadzatulukira ndi inu, kodi mabakiteriya, chakudya cha mtundu kumaonekera. tizilombo amenewa anawagawa m'magulu awiri - heterotrophic ndi autotrophic. Zoyambazo zikuphatikizapo majeremusi osiyanasiyana omwe sangathe kukonzedwa mankhwala analandira kuchokera kunja. Amangoika ntchito okonzeka zopangidwa mankhwala ndi thupi la "mwini". Yotsirizira akhoza okha kubala mankhwala okwanira zochita kupanga.

Makamaka mtengo kuyang'ana pa mabakiteriya heterotrophic. losiyanasiyana muyenera nambala inayake zinthu. Mwachitsanzo, Bacillus fastidiosus imapezeka mu mkodzo, monga mukhoza kulandira kokha mpweya wa chidulo. Za tizilombo zimenezi mwatsatanetsatane nkhani zotsatirazi.

Tsopano m'pofunika kukhala pa njira ya kubwezeretsa mphamvu mchipindamo. Izi ndi sayansi yamakono amadziwa atatu okha. Mabakiteriya ntchito photosynthesis, kupuma kapena nayonso mphamvu.

Photosynthesis makamaka, ikhoza kukhala ntchito mpweya ndi wopanda nawo membala wa. Popanda kugulitsidwa chibakuwacho wobiriwira ndi geliobakterii. Iwo amapanga bacteriochlorophyll. Dzuwa oxygenic amafuna wotchedwa chlorophyll nthawi zonse. Zikuphatikizapo prochlorophyta ndi cyanobacteria.

anapeza posachedwapa. Asayansi apeza tizilombo amene zochita muchipindachi ntchito haidrojeni opangidwa ndi kuvunda chifukwa madzi. Koma si onse. Pakuti anachita ichi, ayenera kukhala angapo a ureniamu miyala, sakanachita kupeza zotsatira kutero.

Komanso madzi akuya a nyanja dziko, ndipo pali madera mabakiteriya pansi, lomwe popereka mphamvu kudzera mwa magetsi.

kubalana

Kale pa kodi mabakiteriya. Mitundu ya kubereka ya zinthu izi, tidzakhalanso tsopano.

Pali njira zitatu zimene zolengedwa izi kuwonjezera chiwerengero chawo.

Izi kubereka mu mawonekedwe wosazindikira, budding ndi Isometric mtanda magawano.

Mu kubereka ana timapemphera transduction, conjugation ndipo kusinthika.

Ikani mu dziko

Poyambirira, ife adzaone zomwe ndi mabakiteriya. Tsopano m'pofunika kulankhula za udindo amasewera mu chirengedwe.

Ochita kafukufuku amanena kuti mabakiteriya - ndi woyamba zamoyo amene anaonekera padziko lathuli. Pali mitundu onse aerobic ndi anaerobic. Choncho, zolengedwa zokhala ndi selo imodzi ndi apulumuke pa masoka osiyanasiyana zikuchitika ndi Earth.

Ubwino undoubted mabakiteriya ndi mumlengalenga asafe kuloŵerera. Iwo nawo mapangidwe chonde, kuwononga mafupa a nyama ndi zomera akufa. Komanso, yaying'ono-zamoyo nawo chitukuko cha chuma mchere ndi ali ndi udindo kukhala kotunga mpweya ndi mpweya mu mlengalenga wa dziko lathuli.

Total zotsalira zazomera wa prokaryotes ndi mazana asanu biliyoni matani. Izo zimasunga maperesenti oposa makumi asanu ndi atatu a phosphorous, asafe ndi mpweya.

Komabe, mu dziko simuli zothandiza, komanso tizilombo toyambitsa mitundu. Amayambitsa matenda ambiri oopsa. Mwachitsanzo, TB pakati pa anthu, khate, mliri, chindoko, tizilombo ta matenda, ndi ena ambiri. Koma ngakhale anthu salembedwa bwino kuti moyo wa munthu, ukhoza pamene kuchepetsa mlingo wa chitetezo chokwanira.

Palinso mabakiteriya kuti kupatsira nyama, mbalame, nsomba ndi zomera. Choncho, osati tizilombo ndi symbiotic ndi anthu ambiri anayamba. Kenako tikambirana zimene ndi mabakiteriya, komanso akuluakulu a zofunikira za mtundu wa tizilombo.

Mabakiteriya ndi anthu

Takambirana kale asanaganize zimene mabakiteriya, kodi maso, amadziwa kuchita. Tsopano m'pofunika kuti alankhulepo za zomwe udindo wawo mu moyo wa munthu masiku ano.

Choyamba, kwa zaka zambiri, ife ntchito luso lalikulu mabakiteriya lactic acid. Popanda tizilombo izi sizikanakhala zakudya zathu kapena kefir kapena yogurt kapena tchizi. Komanso, mabungwe iwonso ali ndi udindo ndondomeko chotupitsa.

Mu ulimi, mabakiteriya ntchito m'njira ziwiri. Pa dzanja limodzi, iwo kuthandiza muchisiye namsongole osafunika (zamoyo phytopathogenic monga herbicides), ndi ena - tizilombo (entomopathogenic unicellular monga tizirombo). Komanso, anthu waphunzira kulenga fetereza bakiteriya.

Komanso, tizilombo kuigwiritsa ntchito pa nkhondo. Mothandizidwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana analenga wakupha zida zotere. Kuti tichite zimenezi, mu maphunzirowa osati mabakiteriya, koma poizoni tochoka ndi iwo.

Wamtendere njira sayansi amagwiritsa zamoyo unicellular kufufuza chibadwa, sayansi, kukonza majini ndi zamoyo. Ndi zatsopano bwino ma aligorivimu kaphatikizidwe mavitamini zinalengedwa, mapuloteni ndi zinthu zina zofunika kwa munthu.

Mabakiteriya ntchito m'madera ena. Mothandizidwa ndi tizilombo ndi ores Unakhala ndi kuyeretsa wa madzi ndi dothi.

Komanso, asayansi amati mabakiteriya amene amapanga microflora mu kapepala anthu matumbo, angatchedwe thupi osiyana ndi zolinga zake ndi ntchito osiyana. Malinga kuwerengetsera ofufuza, mwa thupi ndi za wina kilogalamu tizilombo awa!

Tsiku ndi tsiku timakumana kulikonse ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, chiwerengero chapamwamba madera ili pa amangomvera wa trolleys golosale, kenako kompyuta mbewa mu internet cafe, ndi kokha wachitatu amangomvera mabafa anthu.

Nkhani yotsatirayi tikunena zomwe mabakiteriya abwino ndi zofunika chabe kwa munthu kugwira ntchito mulingo woyenera wa thupi.

mabakiteriya opindulitsa

Adakali pasukulu amaphunzitsidwa, amene mabakiteriya. 3 kalasi amadziwa onse a cyanobacteria ndi zamoyo zina zokhala ndi selo imodzi, kapangidwe awo ndi kubalana. Tsopano tikambirana mbali yeniyeni ya nkhani.

Theka zapitazo, palibe amene anaganiza za nkhaniyi, monga boma la microflora m'matumbo. Zonse zinali mu dongosolo. Mphamvu zachilengedwe ndipo athanzi, osachepera mahomoni ndi mankhwala, kupatula mpweya mankhwala mu chilengedwe.

Lero, mu zikhalidwe za zakudya m'thupi, nkhawa, owonjezera mankhwala dysbiosis ndi mavuto ofanana kupita ku malo kutsogolera. Kodi madokotala kupereka kulimbana nacho?

Mmodzi mwa mayankho waukulu - ndi ntchito probiotics. Ichi ndi wapadera zovuta kuti adzathe Ulaya ndi intestine mabakiteriya opindulitsa anthu.

aziloŵerera angathandize nthawi ngati zosasangalatsa, monga chifuwa chakudya, lactose tsankho, matenda a thirakiti m'mimba ndi matenda ena.

Tiyeni tsopano tiona kodi mabakiteriya zopindulitsa, komanso kuphunzira za zotsatira zawo thanzi.

Kwambiri bwinobwino anaphunzira ndipo ankagwiritsa ntchito kwa amadza zabwino pa thupi mitundu itatu ya tizilombo - acidophilus, Chibugariya Bacillus ndi bifidobacteria.

Woyamba awiri tinapangidwa yotithandiza chitetezo cha m'thupi ndi kuchepetsa kukula kwa ena tizilombo zoipa monga yisiti E. coli, ndi zina zotero. Bifidobacteria ali ndi udindo chimbudzi cha lactose, ulimi wa mavitamini ndi kuchepetsa mafuta m'thupi.

mabakiteriya inimical

Poyambirira, tikambirana kodi mabakiteriya. Mitundu ndi mayina a tizilombo ambiri opindulitsa anali kuperekedwa pamwamba. Nkhani yotsatirayi ikunena za "adani a unicellular" munthu.

Motero tiyeni tipeze mbali ya tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. chida chawo chachikulu ndi anthu a patsogolo kwambiri - ndi poizoni. Kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zofanana iwo chiphe zamoyo maselo, amene parasitic. Kuti ndi ambiri a nyama ndi zomera chifukwa zosiyanasiyana mabakiteriya.

Pali anthu amene angawononge alipo munthu, kupha nyama kapena zomera. Anthu aphunzira ntchito otsiriza, makamaka kulamulira namsongole ndi tizilombo pesky.

Tisanafotokoze wofufuza kuti, kodi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi kudziwa njira zawo. Koma pali m'modzi kwambiri. tizilombo aliyense amene opatsirana kudzera mankhwala zakhudzana ndi zauve, airborne ndi kukhudzana njira, mwa madzi, dothi kapena kudzera kulumidwa ndi tizilombo.

Chinthu choyipa ndi kuti munthu mmodzi yekha selo, kumenya ndi malo abwino thupi la munthu amatha pasanathe maola ochepa chabe kufalitsa kwa mabakiteriya ambirimbiri.

Ngati tiyenda pachimene ndi mabakiteriya, tizilombo ndi opindulitsa mutu ndi kovuta kusiyanitsa ndi layman. Mu sayansi, ponena kuti tizilombo ntchito mawu Latin. Mu parlance wamba mawu mfundo abstruse m'malo - "E. coli", "activators" wa kolera, akuphokosera chifuwa, TB ndi ena.

zodzitetezera kuti kupewa matenda a mitundu itatu. katemera uyu ndi katemera usokoneze kufala njira (gauze Mavalidwe, Magolovesi) kwaokha.

Kodi mabakiteriya mu mkodzo

Anthu ena akuyesetsa thanzi ndi chiphaso awo mayesero kuchipatala. Nthawi zambiri chifukwa cha zotsatira osauka ndi kukhalapo kwa tizilombo mu zitsanzo za.

Pa kodi mabakiteriya mu mkodzo, Tikambirana pang'ono. Tsopano ukuyima wokha akhale pa malo zoona, pali kuoneka zokhala ndi selo imodzi zolengedwa.

Choncho, chowuma mkodzo munthu. Pakhoza kukhala zinthu dziko lililonse. Njira yokhayo chotenga mabakiteriya kwayekha - m'malo mwa kuchotsa zinyalala thupi. Makamaka, Pankhaniyi adzakhala mkodzo.

Ngati kusanthula limasonyeza pang'ono inclusions tizilombo mu mkodzo, mpaka pamene zinthu zili bwino kuphwandoko. Koma ndi kuwonjezeka mu chizindikiro pamwamba malire angalalikire deta zimenezi zikusonyeza chitukuko mu dongosolo urogenital inflammations. Izi akhoza zimachitika pyelonephritis, prostatitis, urethritis ndi matenda ena zosasangalatsa.

Motero, funso kodi bakiteria mu chikhodzodzo pachithunzichi kwathunthu. Tizilombo musalekane mu kusankha thupi ili. Asayansi mpaka kuzindikiridwa zifukwa zingapo zikubweretsa pamaso pa zolengedwa zokhala ndi selo imodzi mu mkodzo.

• Choyamba, ndi zachiwerewere.
• Kachiwiri, matenda a dongosolo genitourinary.
• Kachitatu, kunyalanyaza ukhondo.
• Chachinayi, utachepa chitetezo chokwanira, shuga ndi chiwerengero cha matenda ena.

Mitundu ya bakiteriya mu mkodzo

Kumayambiriro kwa nkhani izo anati kuti tizilombo mu zinyalala zimapezeka kokha mu nkhani ya matenda. Tinalonjeza kuti ndikuuzeni inu chimene ndi mabakiteriya. maina adzapatsidwa kokha mitundu amene Kawirikawiri anapeza zotsatira mayeso.

Choncho tiyeni tiyambe. Lactobacillus - woimira zamoyo anaerobic, galamu HIV bakiteriya. Ziyenera kukhala mu dongosolo m'mimba anthu. Kukhalapo kwa izo mu mkodzo limasonyeza ena olephera. Chigumula chimenechi si yovuta, koma ndi zosasangalatsa belu limene ayenera kwambiri kuti chinkhoswe palokha.

Proteus alinso wokhala chilengedwe cha mundawo m'mimba. Koma pamaso pa izo mu mkodzo limasonyeza kulephera linanena bungwe la ndowe. chamoyo ichi wapeza chakudya mu mkodzo kokha motere. Limasonyeza kukhalapo yambiri zinyalala ndi Serratia woyaka kumverera mu m'munsi pamimba ndi kupweteka pokodza ndi mdima madzi akuda.

zofanana kwambiri ndi bakiteriya yapita ndi Enterococcus fekalis. Imagwera mu njira yomweyo mu mkodzo, wachulukitsa mofulumira ndi mankhwala movutikira. Komanso, tizilombo Enterococcus kugonjetsedwa zambiri za mankhwala.

Choncho, m'nkhani ino ife apprised a chakuti tizilombo amenewa. Iwo ankalankhula za dongosolo lawo, kubalana. Inu mukudziwa maina a mitundu ina zoipa ndi zothandiza.

Zabwino zonse kwa inu, wokondedwa owerenga! Kumbukirani kuti ukhondo ndi kupewa bwino.