Ancient India: chilengedwe ndi anthu. Kufotokozera, zizindikiro Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira

Ancient India - ndi imodzi mwa chitukuko kwambiri zachilendo wakale. Ngakhale masiku amenewo ananena monga "dziko la Ziyoni." Ancient India anali mogwirizana ndi maiko onse a Aluya, ndi dziko wakale, kukhudzanso pa chitukuko. A zambiri olemba ndi nzeru ena a masiku amakedzana anayesa kamodzi pa moyo kukaona India kuti alemere worldview awo.

Anthu oyamba mu India

Ndipo zifukwa zomveka - chikhalidwe ndi anthu a India wakale akupitirizabe asayansi chidwi ndi ofukula. m'gawo lake kunkakhala anthu kalelo. Fuko koyamba kuti kumene kuli dera la India amakono anali Dravidians. Ndiye m'malo Dravid anabwera atsamunda zina, amene kwambiri amasiyana Chrixitu pa njira ya moyo ndi miyambo. Mizinda iwiri yaikulu ya India akale amene panthawi zosiyanasiyana unali likulu ndale - izo Mohenjodaro ndi Harappa.

Mwadzidzidzi anapeza katswiriyo Sahni

Choyamba Harappan chitukuko anapeza zinthu zakale amene anali ndi chidwi chikhalidwe ndi anthu a India wakale, ndiponso umene wakhala kunyumba kwa India. Poyamba, cholinga cha Indian katswiriyo R. Sahni ndi anzake R. Banerjee anali atulukira malo a Old Shiva Temple. Komabe, m'malo mabwinja a malo opatulika akale ofufuza anabweretsa zotsalira za maziko a wakale nyumba ya mzinda. Kamodzi ku malo, kumene zofukulidwa inkachitikira, anali thuu ndi atatu storey nyumba zogona m'misewu anaima fanoli. Mzindawu chokongoletsedwa ndi minda, milatho ndi m'mapaki komanso pafupifupi aliyense wa kumpanda anali bwino.

nthano, anatsimikizira mfundo

Zotsatirazi kupezeka, asayansi chidwi kwambiri mu India wakale, chikhalidwe ndi anthu amene kale anali chitukuko chakale. Sahni anaganiza ulendo wina. nthawi ino iye anapita ku mtunda wa makilomita 600 kuchokera ku malo komwe mwafufuza choyamba. Yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale katswiriyo, komanso nkhani ya m'deralo sanamugwiritse Iye mwala ofufuza. Ngakhale dzina la phiri kumene British anasankha njerwa za ntchito yomanga njanji, ndi ouziridwa lachinsinsi mantha. Anawamasulira kuti "Moenjodaro", umene Akakutumiza kukaona Sahni, amatanthauza "kuthetsa wa akufa."

Bakuman, amene akuuza anthu am'deralo, kenako kwathunthu anatsimikizira anapezazo ndi Sahni. Imafotokoza kuti kalelo pa malo, kumene phiri Mohenjodaro, unali mzinda. wolamulira wake anakwiyitsa mphamvu apamwamba a moyo wake wosadziletsa, ndi milungu anyerezera kufudza chitukuko ichi. Inde, pamene zofukulidwa Sahni pa dera la phiri mzinda waukulu, amene anakhalapo m'nthawi ya Iguputo.

kuwonjezera maphunziro

Sahni ndi ulendo wake anapitiriza atulukira kuti mfundo zambiri zimene zinali chikhalidwe ndi anthu a India wakale. Zikupezeka m'dera lomwelo m'mizinda ingapo lalikulu, komanso dongosolo la zikwi midzi yaing'ono. Anapeza chitukuko ankatchedwa Harappan. Chifukwa cha kukula kwake ndi kanayi kuposa Sumeri.

Pamene ofukula anaphunzira zotsalira analandira anazindikira kuti Harappan chitukuko anatuluka za 3300 BC. e. Asayansi amati pa pachimake kuti anali okwana anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 5. Chiwerengero cha mzindawo a Mohenjo-Daro anali mix a mafuko osiyana. Ambiri mwa anthu amene anali Dravidians, amene amaganiza kuti anali Australoids. Komanso pa dera la chitukuko Harappan anthu oimira Sumeri, maonekedwe European ndi Mongoloid.

Asayansi ku ndondomeko ya ntchito yomanga ndi mapu zamakono ankawakonda. Nature ndi anthu a Ancient India, zikuoneka kuti mogwirizana ndi mzake. City misewu Harappan chitukuko interspersed ndi minda, sanasiyane kwa chilengedwe. Malinga ndi malo ake msewu amafanana ano m'njira zambiri. m'lifupi awo anali khumi mamita. Yotakata Street chikugwirizana ndi makwalala yopapatiza.

Ubwino m'mayiko Indian Kale

Koma m'mizinda zinamangidwa osati nthawi imodzi. Nature ndi anthu a Ancient India, mwachidule anafotokoza mu Zolembedwa anatchula zakale ndi mtundu wa kudalirana. Midzi oyambirira, amene ali kwa 6-4 zaka BC. e., ndipo anakhala makolo a akale chitukuko Indian. Malo kuthetsa pakati pa North Balochistan ndi chigwa cha Ganges Mtsinje anapereka makolo a Amwenye ndi madipoziti madzi, chimanga, mwala. Mu zigwa za ng'ombe wa mbuzi zam'tchire ndi njati - zinthu zonse achititsa kuti chitukuko m'madera amenewa ulimi ndi ulimi.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti akuluakulu a wakale chitukuko Indian ankagulitsa makamaka ndi Sumerians. Mfundo imeneyi anasonyezanso ndi Zolembedwa Chisumeriya. M'deralo, kumene unali chitukuko Harappan, lalikulu zedi la katundu osiyanasiyana chiyambi yachilendo anapezeka. Izi nsalu thonje, mikanda, zodzikongoletsera zipolopolo.

Kutha kwa chitukuko Proto-Indian

Iwo ankakhulupirira kuti nthawi ya sakuyendetsa chitukuko Harappan gwa 1800 BC. e. Akatswiri ambiri amakhulupirira kuti zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Aryans - ankhondowo okonda nkhondo ochokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa. The "Aria" latembenuzidwa kuchokera chakale Indian amatanthauza "wolemekezeka". Awa anali woyendayendawu mafuko, amene ankachita ng'ombe kuswana ndi kudyetsa makamaka mkaka. M'tsogolo, ng'ombe Amwenye analandira udindo wa nyama yopatulika. Nature ndi anthu a Ancient India, motero anagwetsa adabuluka panja, "milungu."

Mabaibulo ena asayansi

Choyamba Arias onse m'mizinda ikuluikulu anawonongedwa. nyumba zambiri anagwera mu chivundi ndi nyumba yatsopano ntchito njerwa akale. Nature ndi anthu a India wakale, kuphunzira ofukula zina, mwina kwathunthu zikugwirizanira chiphunzitso coherent wa kafukufuku wa Sahni. Asayansi ena amakhulupirira kuti chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa Harappan chitukuko anali ndi nkhondo osati kokha, komanso kuwononga zinthu zachilengedwe. Izi kusintha mu mlingo wa pansi panyanja, yomwe madzi anasefukira ndi miliri ya matenda oopsa. Si lilibe ndi lomwe zinachititsa kuti vuto la zokolola otsika, amene anabwera chifukwa amenewa nthaka.

Nature ndi anthu a Ancient India: Indian Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira

Kale anthu Indian ku mitundu magawano zimachokera apadziko woyamba Zakachikwi BC. e. Kufunika wakhala chifukwa osati chipembedzo, koma dongosolo la ndale. mfundo ndi yakuti kwa Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira kunsi kwa anthu onse okhudzidwa, amene anagonjetsedwa ndi ankhondowo-Aryans. Ambiri a mitundu apamwamba anali Brahmins - ansembe, amene sanachite yakalavulagaga thupi. Zinakhalapo likuvutika nsembe.

Zotsatira za dongosolo Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira kwa anthu

Kenako pulasitala, amene Brahmans nthawi zambiri amalembedwa ndi kukangana - izo ankhondo kapena Kshatriyas. Pakati pawo, iwo nthawi zambiri sangachite nawo mphamvu. Pakuti Kshatriyas anatsatira vaisyas - alimi ndi ena abusa. Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira wotsikitsitsa anali Sudras. Ndi Sudras akapolo amene anachita ntchito akuda. Yofuna Ufulu Wodzilamulira cholowa. Ana Brahmins akanakhoza kokha Brahmins, Sudras ana - Sudras. Chotero stratification wa anthu wotsogozedwa chakuti anthu ambiri aluso anali likupita akuvutika ndi umphawi, zomwe angaletsedwe chitukuko cha mtundu wonse.

Kuyambira nthawi ya zofukulidwa chinsinsi Harappan chitukuko kusiya kusuta, asayansi. Pakati pawo, ndipo Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amene ankafuna India wakale, chikhalidwe ndi anthu amene anali kukhala ku Mohenjo-Daro. Iwo adapanga chithunzi akhakula woimira ankaikira chitukuko Harappan. Kuchokera pa zofukulidwa, asayansi anapeza kuti anali mdima tsitsi ndi mdima-eyed anthu ndi mdima khungu. Iwo anali a nthambi Mediterranean wa mtundu Caucasus.

Nature ndi anthu a Ancient India: chiwembu kumanga mizinda

Harappan chitukuko mizinda yaikulu zinamangidwa mwatsatanetsatane kwambiri. The m'misewu ngati aakulu osiyanasiyana kunyumba - chimodzimodzi ndi geometrically zolondola. Mu mawonekedwe, kunyumba kwa Amwenye wakale ankawoneka ngati mabokosi kwa mikate. Mu mizinda imeneyi, anthu anali ndi mwayi wokhala ndi zogwiritsa ntchito onse. Zimapita m'misewu chidwi otchedwa, amene nyumba iliyonse aziwapatsa madzi.

The Proto-Indian namatetule mapulani

Mayi Nature ndi anthu a India wakale (graders 5 ayamba timudziwe bwino chikhalidwe ndi miyambo ya dziko lino mu nkhani ya kuphunzira mbiri yakale) aphunzira kukhala mumgwirizano wangwiro. kudalirana Izi akhoza tisangalatse mfundo connoisseurs wozindikira koposa. Ndi malo wopambana kwambiri kuti nthawi zimbudzi. Ngakhale popanda lingaliro pang'ono kuti mabakiteriya kuchulukitsa mofulumira makamaka pa kutentha ofunda, ndiye mapulani anatenga wanzeru chigamulo chake nthawi. mipope mobisa amakwiriridwa wa njerwa limene zosafunika onse kuzionetsa kunja kwa mzinda. Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti moyo wa anthu ambiri m'dera zochepa.