History of Kupezeka kwa mavitamini ndi kuphunzira awo

Papita pa zaka zana kuchokera, monga mavitamini m'gulu la moyo pafupifupi aliyense padziko lapansili. Komabe, anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti okwana ma 13 zinthu wotere. ena amaonedwa kukhala kufanana awo. The woopsa kwambiri kwa thupi kuti lithe vitamini? ndi mbiri ya atulukira mavitamini ndi kufunika chiyani?

Kodi mavitamini?

Ndiyeno kodi mavitamini? zimachokera Kodi mbiri ya anapeza mavitamini? N'chifukwa chiyani ali ofunikira kwa zonse moyo?

Mosiyana ndi chakudya, amino zidulo ndi polyunsaturated mafuta zidulo, mavitamini si mtengo mphamvu thupi Komabe, zimathandiza kuti normalization wa kagayidwe. Njira yoti iwo mu thupi akudya, zowonjezera ndi kuothera dzuwa. Iwo ntchito n'chongoletsa vutoli kapena kusowa mchere wofunika. ntchito yaikulu ndi: kolifermentam thandizo nawo mu kuthetsa kagayidwe, kuteteza zikamera wa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira osakhazikika.

History of anapeza mavitamini waonetsa kuti zinthu izi ndi zosiyana mankhwala awo zikuchokera. Koma, mwatsoka, iwo sangakhoze kupangidwa ndi thupi wambiri lamanja.

Kodi udindo wa mavitamini

Lililonse vitamini wapadera ndipo n'zosatheka kupeza m'malo. Chirichonse anafotokoza akonzedwa yeniyeni ya zinthu zimene zimapezeka munthu payekhapayekha anatengedwa thunthu. Choncho, ngati thupi zochita kusowa kwa vitamini, pali zotsatira zoonekeratu: vitamini akusowa, matenda kagayidwe kachakudya, ndi matenda.

Choncho, n'kofunika kuti akonze, amasiyana wolemera zakudya, kuphatikizapo chakudya wanu tsiku ndi tsiku osachepera osachepera mankhwala olemera ndi kufufuza zinthu zothandiza.

Mwachitsanzo, mavitamini, a gulu B, bwanji kugwira ntchito yolondola ya ubongo, kuthandiza ntchito za chitetezo cha m'thupi, kuthandiza thupi m'njira yake m'malo ndi zosinthika maselo.

Koma usaope, ngati inu mungazindikire kuti chakudya wanu uli wodzaza ndi mavitamini sikokwanira. Anthu ambiri masiku ano kuona kuchepekedwa awo. Popeza zinthu zoyenera si kudya, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mavitamini zovuta.

Kodi anthu kuti mavitamini

Tangoganizani, asanafike mapeto a zaka za m'ma 19, anthu ambiri n'komwe za chinthu chotero monga mavitamini. Iwo osati amadwala kupanda zakudya, komanso mwakayakaya ndipo nthawi zambiri anafa. Kodi anapeza mavitamini? Mwachidule kuyesa za ntchito ya madotolo, amakumana ndi kufufuza mu dera limeneli.

Ambiri matenda "dovitaminnyh" nthawi anali:

• "Beriberi" - matenda amene anakhudza anthu a South-East, Asia South, kumene mphamvu yaikulu gwero wakhala kupukutidwa kukonzedwa mpunga.
• Chiseyeye - matenda ankanena miyoyo ya anthu ambiri oyenda panyanja.
• Rickets, lomwe kale anadwala osati ana komanso akuluakulu.

Anthu anafa ndi mabanja onse, zombo sanabwerere ku kusambira chifukwa cha imfa ya mamembala onse analira.

Mpaka 1880. Mpaka nthawi monga N. I. Lunin anazindikira kuti zakudya zambiri zili mu kapangidwe kake chinthu chofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Komanso, zinthu izi ndi chofunika kwambiri.

Chiseyeye - matenda a anakafika

History of anapeza mavitamini muli mfundo zambiri kuonetsera imfa ya mamilioni a madola. Chifukwa cha imfa chiseyeye. Ngakhale matenda anali wa choopsa komanso wakupha. Palibe ngakhale sakanakhoza kuganiza kuti, ponena - zakudya cholakwika ndi losowa vitamini C.

Olemba mbiri chabwino, chiseyeye kokha nthawi ya atulukira Hrs anapha anthu oposa miliyoni amalinyero. Chitsanzo chabwino angatchedwe kukaona ku India, umene unachitikira kuyang'aniridwa ndi Vasco de A Gama: ambiri anadwala ndi kumwalira kwa mamembala 160 adalira.

J. Cook anali apaulendo choyamba, amene anabwerera ku gawo lomwelo la gulu kuti anachoka Marina lapansi. N'chifukwa chiyani anthu oyendetsa sali pansi tsoka la anthu ambiri? J. Cook iye wapanga chakudya wawo wa sauerkraut. Iye anatsatira chitsanzo cha Dzheymsa Linda.

Kuyambira ndi mankhwala 1795 chiyambi masamba, mandimu, malalanje ndi zipatso zina zipatso (gwero la vitamini C), akhala kuvomerezedwa zikuluzikulu za "mtanga chakudya" oyenda panyanja.

Ndi choonadi anabwera empirically

anthu ochepa mukudziwa chimene chinsinsi amasunga mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa mavitamini. Mwachidule tinganene izi: akuyesera kuti apeze njira yopezera chipulumutso, asayansi, madokotala ntchito pa anthu. Wosangalala; anali chabwinobwino zokwanira, koma osati woganizira mawu a makhalidwe amakono ndi makhalidwe.

Zatsopano pa anthu odziwika mu 1747 dokotala ku Scotland George. Lind.

Koma izi sanafanane zokhazokha. Anakakamizika zinthu: ngalawa pa iye anali, mliri wa chiseyeye. Akuyesera kuti apeze njira yothetsera vuto limeneli, Lind anasankha awiri dazeni oyendetsa odwala, nagawira iwo mu magulu angapo. Chithandizo zinachitikadi pamaziko a mugawo ili. Gulu loyamba pamodzi ndi mwambo chakudya kudyetsedwa cider, chachiwiri - m'madziwo lachitatu - vinyo wosasa, wachinayi - zipatso. Otsiriza gulu - yekha amene anapulumuka pa anthu onse 20.

Komabe, anthu nsembe sanali pachabe. Chifukwa zotsatira lofalitsidwa wa kuyesera (a lonena "The mankhwala a chiseyeye") zatsimikiziridwa kuti n'chongoletsa mtengo wa chiseyeye zipatso.

Zikamera akuti

History of anapeza mavitamini limatiuza mwachidule za chiyambi cha mawu akuti "vitamini".

Akukhulupirira kuti kholo ndi C. Funk, wopatulidwa vitamini B1 mu mawonekedwe crystalline. Pajatu Iye anapatsa dzina la vitamine mankhwala ake.

Kenako Baton kusintha m'munda wa "vitamini" watenga mfundo D. Drummond, amaganiza kuti siwoyenera kuitana micronutrients onse mawu munali kalata "E". Pofotokozera mfundo yakuti si onse amene ali asidi amine.

Chimodzimodzi vitamayny anapeza kabwerebwere dzina "vitamini" kwa ife. Amakhala ndi mawu awiri Latin: "vita" ndi "Amen". Njira woyamba "moyo", ndipo chachiwiri zikuphatikizapo dzina la kwa amino gulu la mankhwala nitrogenous.

The ntchito zonse mawu akuti "vitamini" anaphatikizidwa yekha mu 1912. M'chizungumo, amatanthauza "zinthu zofunika moyo."

History of anapeza mavitamini: Sources

Nikolai Lunin anakhala mmodzi wa anthu oyamba kuganizira za udindo wa zinthu anachokera ku chakudya. Anthu asayansi a nthawi ya kungoganizira a dokotala Russian watenga phwando la adani, iye sanali zocheza.

Komabe, mfundo za kufunika kwa mtundu wina wa mchere mankhwala woyamba anatulukira ndi wina kuposa Lunin. Kupezeka kwa mavitamini ndi indispensability awo zinthu zina iye anayizindikira empirically (pamene mavitamini ndi silinavalidwe maina awo amakono). Mbewa komanso anali. Ena zakudya ongokhala mkaka achilengedwe, ndi ena - zopangidwa yokumba (mkaka zosakaniza: mafuta, shuga, mchere, casein). Nyama a gulu lachiwiri, mwadzidzidzi anadwala n'kumwalira.

Kuchokera pa Ni ichi Lunin kuti "... mu mkaka, kuwonjezera pa casein, mafuta, lactose ndi mchere muli zinthu akadali zina zofunika chakudya."

mutu anakweza yanga University of Tartu, chidwi KA Sosina. Ankachititsa zatsopano ndi kenako mapeto zofanana ndi Nikolai Ivanovich.

Kenako Lunin chiphunzitso zimaonekera, chitsimikiziro ndi chitukuko zina mwa ntchito za maphunziro achilendo ndi zoweta.

Kuwulura zifukwa matenda "beriberi"

mbiri Komanso chiphunzitso cha mavitamini kupitiriza ntchito ya dokotala Japanese Takaki. Mu 1884, iye analankhula za matenda pano anthu Japanese "beriberi." Chiyambi cha matenda apezeka zaka. Mu 1897, Irish dokotala Christiaan Eijkman anapeza kuti, kupukuta mpunga, anthu kumana okha zakudya zofunika, zomwe zili mbali ya zigawo chapamwamba cha mbewu Popanda kuchitapo kanthu.

Patapita zaka 40 (mu 1936) kuti anali apanga kuchepa thiamine amene amayambitsa "beriberi." Komanso zinthu zimene "thiamin" Asayansi komanso sanabwere yomweyo. History of atulukira mavitamini B anayamba ndi kutulutsidwa kwa mbewu mpunga, "Ameni moyo" (kapena vitamayn vitamine). Izo zinachitika mu 1911-1912. Mu nthawi kuchokera 1920 mpaka 1934, asayansi anadziŵa chilinganizo ake mankhwala ndipo amatchedwa "Aneirin".

Oyamba mavitamini A, H

Ngati tikambirana nkhani monga mbiri ya Kupezeka kwa mavitamini, muona kuti kuphunzira wakhala pang'onopang'ono koma modekha.

Mwachitsanzo, kuperewera kwa mavitamini choncho anaphunzira mwatsatanetsatane chokha cha m'ma 19. Stepp (Stepp) anaulula kukula chimalimbikitsa, zomwe ndi mbali ya mafuta. Izi zinachitika mu 1909. Ndipo kale mu 1913, Mac ndi Dennis Koller anasankha "Chinthu A", patapita zaka (1916) izo anadzatchedwa ndi "vitamini A".

Kuphunzira Vitamini H inayamba mu 1901, pamene Uilders anawulula chinthu umene umalimbikitsa kukula kwa yisiti. Iye anadzipereka kuti iye mutu wa "BIOS". Mu 1927 anasankhidwa ovidin amatchedwa "Factor X", kapena "vitamini H". vitamini Izi kumabwezera mmbuyo ntchito ya zinthu zili mankhwala ena. Mu 1935, biotin anali analimbikitsa kuchokera Skittles dzira yolk (Kegl).

Mavitamini C ndi E

Pambuyo experimenting pa Linda oyendetsa zaka palibe amene anaganiza za chifukwa chimene munthu amakhala kudwala chiseyeye. History of maonekedwe a mavitamini, koma mbiri ya maphunziro a udindo wawo wakhala inakulitsidwa kokha m'zaka 19 mochedwa. vv Pashutin anapeza kuti oyendetsa matenda kumachitika chifukwa cha kusowa ena zinthu chakudya. Mu 1912, chifukwa unachitikira PAMOYO chakudya mbira nkhumba, Holst ndi Frolich anaphunzira zoletsa kuti maonekedwe a chinthu chiseyeye pambuyo pa zaka 7 anadziwika monga vitamini C. The chaka cha 1928 chinali kuswana wa mankhwala chilinganizo ake, chifukwa anali apanga ascorbic acid.

Vitamini E udindo ndi kufunika anayamba kuphunzira atsopano. Ngakhale imathandiza kwambiri mu ndondomeko ya ubereki. Kuphunzira mfundo imeneyi linayamba mu 1922, experimentally anapeza kuti pamene zakudya wa makoswe experimental onse analandira mafuta, kenako Ndisanaumbidwe anafa m'mimba. kupezeka anapanga Evans. The mankhwala oyamba kudziwika cha gulu la vitamini E anali ekstraktsinirovany wa batala nyemba zikumera. mankhwala wakhala dzina lake Alpha ndi tocopherol beta, chochitika izi zinachitika mu 1936. Patapita zaka ziwili, Carrer unachitikira biosynthesis ake.

Kutsegula mavitamini B

Mu 1913 chinali chiyambi cha phunziro la riboflavin ndi asidi nicotinic. Zinali chaka chino amalembedwa ndi kutsegula kwa Osborne ndi Mendel, amene anasonyeza kuti mkaka lili ndi zinthu zimene zimalimbikitsa kukula kwa nyama. Mu 1938 Dongosolo la thunthu, potengera zomwe zinalengedwa kaphatikizidwe anali wapezeka. Choncho anatulukira ndipo apanga lactochrome tsopano Riboflavin, amatchedwanso vitamini B2.

asidi Nicotinic anali olekanitsidwa Funk mbewu mpunga. Komabe, mu phunziroli ndi ndinayima. Antipellagrichesky Chinthu chokha, anadzatchedwa nicotinic asidi (vitamini B3) chinamasulidwa mu 1926.

Vitamini B9 anali yekhayekha monga timene sipinachi masamba mu 30s ndipo Mitchell Snell. Wachiwiri World nkhondo chimasokoneza Kupezeka kwa mavitamini. Mwachidule liwunikidwenso vitamini B9 (kupatsidwa folic acid) akhoza yodziwika mwamsanga osauka. Chikadzangotha nkhondo (mu 1945), kaphatikizidwe ake zinachitikadi. Izi zinachitika mobisika ndi yisiti ndi chiwindi asidi pteroylglutamic.

Mu 1933 izo kuwerenga zikuchokera mankhwala asidi pantothenic (vitamini B5). Ndipo mu 1935 pozindikira anali limatsutsa Goldberg kuti zimayambitsa pellagra ku makoswe. Iwo likukhalira kuti matenda ukapezeka ku pakalibe pirodoksin, kapena vitamini B6.

Mavitamini atsopano omwe anasankhidwa gulu B ndi cobalamin, kapena vitamini B12. M'zigawo antianemic chinthu cha chiwindi zinachitika yekha mu 1948.

Polakwitsalakwitsa: anapeza vitamini D

Mbiri ya anapeza vitamini D zinali zodzaza ndi chiwonongeko cha asayansi atulukira analipo. Elmer Makkolum anali kuyesera kulongosolerana mu zolemba zake za vitamini A. Kuyesa kutsutsa mfundo choposa pa vetenale Edward Mellanby ankachititsa ndi kuyesera pa agalu. Ndi nyama rickets anapereka nsomba mafuta, kuchokera zimenezi zichotsedwa vitamini A. akwawo sanali bwanji ayambe ziweto - iwo ali kuchiritsidwa.

Vitamini D akhoza zopezera osati chakudya, komanso kuyamika dzuŵa. Analidi AF Hess mu 1923.

Mu chaka chomwecho, chiyambi cha yokumba patsogolo calciferol mafuta zakudya. Ultraviolet walitsa ndi kuchita mu US lero.

Mtengo wa Kazimira Funka mu mavitamini kuphunzira

Potsatira Kuwulura zimene kulepheretsa zikamera wa matenda "beriberi", kenako kuphunzira mavitamini. Osati ntchito osachepera mu izi ankaimba ndi Casimir Funk. Mbiri ya kuphunzira mavitamini limanena kuti analenga kukonzekera wopangidwa mwa msanganizo wa zinthu madzi sungunuka zosiyanasiyana mankhwala chikhalidwe, koma ofanana pamaso pa asafe m'menemo.

Chifukwa Funk adaona kuwala liwu la sayansi monga beriberi. Iye osati anamubweretsera ndipo anapeza njira kuthetsa ndi machenjezo. Iye anazindikira kuti mavitamini ndi mbali ya michere, zomwe zimalimbikitsa mosavuta mayamwidwe awo. Funk anali m'gulu la anthu oyamba kukhala dongosolo loyenera, tizisamala zakudya, kuwapatsa malangizo chofunika tsiku mavitamini ofunika m'thupi.

Casimir Funk analenga ena analogues mankhwala mavitamini ali mankhwala achilengedwe. Koma tsopano minibasi anthu analogues izi Mtsikana wotere. Pa m'ma hafu pasiti chawonjezeka chiwerengero cha khansa, ziwengo, mtima ndi matenda ena. Asayansi ena chifukwa kufalikira mofulumira matenda amenewa ndinawona mu ntchito mavitamini kupanga.