Injini nyukiliya kwa ndege

Russia wakhala ndi akadali mtsogoleri m'munda wa malo mphamvu za nyukiliya. Experience mu kapangidwe zomangamanga, kutumidwa ndi ntchito spacecraft okonzeka ndi magwero a mphamvu za nyukiliya ndi mabungwe monga RSC "Mphamvu" ndi "Roskosmos". injini nyukiliya amalola ntchito ndege kwa zaka zambiri, kuwapanga woyenerera bwino mobwerezabwereza.

mbiri

Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya nyukiliya danga si zopeka mu 70 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo. The injini nyukiliya yoyamba 1970-1988 anali anapezerapo danga ndi bwino ntchito mu malo magalimoto (sv) kuzipenya wa "US-A". Iwo chagwiritsidwa dongosolo thermoelectric a mphamvu za nyukiliya chomera (NPP) "Buck" magetsi 3 kW.

Mu 1987-1988 awiri zipangizo "Madzi a m'magazi-A" ndi thermionic NPP "topazi" 5 kW wakhala ndege-kuyezetsa danga, imene mphamvu ya magetsi zosagwiritsa (asanafe) ku mphamvu za nyukiliya gwero anali woyamba akuyendera.

A zovuta wa lapadziko mphamvu za nyukiliya kuyezetsa thermionic unsembe nyukiliya "Yenisei" mphamvu ya 5 kW. Kuchokera pa matekinoloje anayamba ntchito thermionic mphamvu za nyukiliya mphamvu 25-100 kW.

MB "Hercules"

RSC "Mphamvu" mu 70 anayamba sayansi ndi othandiza researches, cholinga chimene anali kulenga wamphamvu nyukiliya danga injini kwa interorbital kumakoka (MB) "Hercules". Ntchito zinachititsa kuti maziko zaka zambiri nyukiliya zosagwiritsa magetsi (YAERDU) ndi thermionic mphamvu za nyukiliya mphamvu zochepa - mazana kilowatts ndi magetsi zosagwiritsa wagawo mphamvu makumi mazana kilowatts.

Kulengedwa magawo MB "Hercules":

• zothandiza mphamvu magetsi a mphamvu za nyukiliya - 550 kW;
• yeniyeni mopupuluma magetsi zosagwiritsa - 30 Km / s;
• Zamagetsi zosagwiritsa adaponya - 26 H;
• zogwirira NPP ndi magetsi zosagwiritsa - maola 16,000;
• ntchito thupi magetsi zosagwiritsa - xenon;
• kulemera (youma) kumakoka - 14,5-15,7 T, kuphatikizapo NEI - matani 6,9.

Contemporary

M'zaka za m'ma XXI ndi nthawi kulenga latsopano injini nyukiliya malo. Mu October 2009, pa msonkhano wa Commission latsopano Russian ntchito "Creation zoyendera ndi gawo mphamvu ndi megawatt kalasi unsembe wa mphamvu nyukiliya" wakhala mwalamulo ovomerezedwa ndi Council Pulezidenti chifukwa wamakono ndi zopangapanga Development wa Economy Russia. ndi kutukula kutsogolera:

• Riyakitala mbewu - JSC "NIKIET".
• Nyukiliya magetsi ndi dera mpweya chopangira mphamvu mphamvu kutembenuka, zochokera Motors magetsi zosagwiritsa ndi amaayoni electrorocket YAERDU ambiri - SSC "Research Center. M. V. Keldysha "imene ili udindo gulu la pulogalamu ya chitukuko zoyendera ndi mphamvu gawo (TEM) monga lonse.
• RSC "Mphamvu" monga ambiri TEM mlengi ayenera kukhala ndi makina basi ndi gawo lino.

Makhalidwe a unsembe watsopano

Latsopano nyukiliya injini malo Russia akufuna kuyamba ntchito malonda mu zaka zingapo zotsatira. Ntchito makhalidwe a mpweya chopangira mphamvu YAERDU zotsatirazi. The riyakitala ntchito gasi utakhazikika mofulumira breeder riyakitala, kutentha kwa madzimadzi ntchito (a chisakanizo cha Iye / Xe) pamaso pa chopangira mphamvu - 1500 K, dzuwa yowatembenuza mphamvu matenthedwe mphamvu magetsi - 35%, Redieta-mtundu ozizira - kukapanda kuleka. Unit Kunenepa (riyakitala, chitetezo dzuwa, ndi dongosolo kutembenuka, koma popanda refrigeration emitter) - 6800 kg.

Space injini nyukiliya (mphamvu za nyukiliya, mphamvu za nyukiliya, pamodzi ndi EPS) dongosolo ntchito:

• Monga mbali ya galimoto m'tsogolo danga.
• Monga magetsi kachitidwe mphamvu-kwambiri ndi spacecraft.
• Kuthetsa woyamba mavuto awiri mu mayendedwe ndi mphamvu gawo kuonetsetsa yobereka ndege katundu electrorocket ndi magalimoto pa kanjira ntchito ndiponso yaitali mphamvu kotunga zida.

Mfundo ntchito injini nyukiliya

Pogwiritsa pa kaphatikizidwe mtima kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu fission wa mafuta nyukiliya kupanga ndege yaikulu. Kusiyanitsa mitundu unsembe zimachitika-zachiwawa ndi madzimadzi. Kuphulika mbewu limatulutsa mu malo kakang'ono mabomba a atomiki kuti detonating ndi mamita angapo, kuti kuphulika anakankhira sitimayo kutsogolo. Zochita zipangizo amenewa ntchito.

Phula zosagwiritsa injini, Komano, akhala yapangidwa ndi kuyesedwa. Back mu 60s, ndi akatswiri Soviet kuti cholinga ndi chopindulitsa chitsanzo Rd-0410. kachitidwe Iwowa anayamba mu United States. mfundo zawo zachokera Kutentha kwa madzi nyukiliya mini-riyakitala, izo n'kukhala nthunzi ndipo ndipamene ndege mtsinje, amene amakankhira kwa spacecraft. Ngakhale chipangizo imatchedwa madzi monga madzimadzi ntchito, amangoona wa hydrogen ntchito. Wina cholinga kachitidwe nyukiliya danga - zoyendetsedwa magetsi adakwera maukonde (zipangizo) zombo ndi makina.

Lolemera telefoni zipangizo lonse danga kulankhulana

Pa nthawi, ntchito yayambika pa injini nyukiliya malo kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito pa mauthenga danga zida lolemera. RSC "Energia" sanatsatiridwe maphunziro ziwembu za dongosolo lonse danga kulankhulana mpikisano chuma ndi foni wotchipa ma yemwe amayenera kukwaniritsa kulanda "kusinthanitsa telefoni" ku Earth mu mlengalenga.

The prerequisites chilengedwe zawo:

• pafupifupi onse kudzazidwa ndi geostationary kanjira (Geo) nthambi opaleshoni ndipo chabe;
• kutopa wa gwero pafupipafupi;
• zinachitikira zabwino za chilengedwe ndi kuzunzidwa malonda mudziwe geostationary makina "Yamal".

Pamene munakonza "Yamal" nsanja, latsopano zothetsera luso akhala 95%, zomwe zinathandiza zipangizo amenewo kukhala mpikisano pa dziko msika wa misonkhano malo.

Amaganiza m'malo a zigawo ndi zida kulankhulana zamakono alionse zaka zisanu ndi ziwiri. Iwo Kulenga dongosolo la Mipikisano 3-4 makina wolemera mu kanjira geostationary ndi kuwonjezeka mu mphamvu magetsi kudyedwa ndi iwo. Poyamba, spacecraft akhala cholinga pamaziko a dzuwa mphamvu 30-80 kW. Chotsatira ntchito injini nyukiliya 400 kW ndi chaka chimodzi mu zoyendera mode (kwa yobereka gawo zofunika GSO) ndi 150-180 kW mu mode yaitali ntchito (osachepera 10-15 zaka) monga gwero mphamvu.

injini nyukiliya ku antimeteoritnoy kuteteza System Earth

Anamaliza RKK "Mphamvu" zomangidwa kafukufuku mochedwa 90 Zaoneka kuti chilengedwe cha antimeteoritnoy dongosolo Earth chitetezo ku mtima wa comets ndi asteroids mphamvu za nyukiliya zomera ndi YAERDU angagwiritsidwe ntchito:

1. Kukonza dongosolo la kuyan'anila trajectories wa asteroids ndi comets kuti awoloke mpita wa dziko lapansi. Pakuti uyu akufuna kukonza spacecraft wapadera zida ndi kuwala ndi makina ounikira zipangizo kupeza zinthu zoopsa, kuwerengetsa magawo a trajectories awo ndi kuphunzira yaikulu ya chikhalidwe chawo. Dongosolo nyukiliya danga injini ndi wapawiri-mode thermionic NPI mphamvu 150 kW angatengere mbali. moyo wake kukhala zaka zosachepera 10.
2. Mayesero mmene (nyukiliya kuphulika chipangizo) kwa anthu akhala akutayirapo dothi asteroid otetezeka. YAERDU mphamvu yobereka mayeso zida ndi asteroid-polygon zimadalira misa ya payload anapulumutsa (150-500 kW).
3. Kutumiza muyezo kukhudzana zikutanthauza (interceptor okwana misa matani 15-50) kwa kufika zoopsa chinthu dziko. Amafuna nyukiliya kwakusiyana injini mphamvu 1-10 MW yobereka ndi oopsa asteroid mlandu nyukiliya, pamwamba pa zomwe kuphulika chifukwa ndege asteroid zinthu athe kuzikana njira yoopsa.

Kutumiza zipangizo kufufuza malo akuya

Kutumiza zipangizo sayansi zinthu danga (mapulaneti lakutali, nthawi comets, asteroids) angathe kuchitidwa ndi ntchito magawo danga ofotokoza LRE. Ntchito injini nyukiliya galimoto danga katswiri pamene anayikidwa ntchito linanena bungwe kwa kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira thupi lakumwamba ya mwezi wa, mwachindunji kukhudzana ndi thupi lakumwamba, kusankha zitsanzo zakuthupi ndi kafukufuku wina zofuna misa kuwonjezeka kafukufuku zovuta, kulolerana wa ankafika ndi magawo kutenga kwambiri.

magawo injini

Nyukiliya injini kwa spacecraft kafukufuku zovuta kudzachulukitsa "zenera chiyambi" (chifukwa kumaliseche ankalamulira wa liwiro ntchito za thupi), zomwe zimatithandiza kukonzekera ndipo kumachepetsa mtengo wa polojekiti. Atafufuza ndi RSC "Energia", anasonyeza kuti YAERDU 150 kW ndi zaka zitatu ndi njira zingamuthandize mopereka zigawo danga asteroid lamba.

Pa nthawi yomweyo yobereka gulu la kafukufuku pa kanjira Mapulaneti kutali dongosolo la zowalitsa amafuna kuwonjezeka mu chuma, ndi nyukiliya unsembe kwa zaka 5-7. Iwo imatsimikizirika kuti YAERDU zovuta ndi mphamvu za 1 MW mbali ya kafukufuku adzalola spacecraft inapita yoperekera kwa zaka 5-7 ndi kumayenda pamtunda woyenera pozungulira ndi Kanema yokumba kwambiri mapulaneti lakutali, rovers mapulaneti padziko ya nthambi zachilengedwe a mayiko awa, ndi yobereka pa lapansi ndi comets, asteroids, Mercury ndi ndi makina a Jupiter ndi Saturn.

Reusable Nyamulani (MB)

Njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri kusintha Mwachangu ntchito zoyendera mu danga zinthu reusable a dongosolo zoyendera. Nyukiliya injini kwa spacecraft mphamvu ya osachepera 500 kW limakupatsani kulenga reusable chingwe chabwazi ndipo potero kwambiri kusintha pa dzuwa la Mipikisano gawo dongosolo danga kayendedwe. zothandiza makamaka dongosolo choncho pulogalamu kupereka zikuluzikulu katundu magalimoto. Chitsanzo adzakhala pulogalamu ya kufufuza mwezi ndi chilengedwe ndi kukonzanso maziko panali nthawi zonse kuwonjezeka ndi experimental sayansi ndi mafakitale maofesi.

mawerengedwe a zolowa

Malinga ndi kapangidwe maphunziro RSC "Energia", kumanga maziko pa mwezi chiziperekedwa zigawo masekeli 10 matani, kanjira wa Moon -. 30 mamita Total katundu ku Earth mu ntchito yomanga panali mwezi m'munsi ndipo anapita mwezi yozungulira malo okwana tonnes 700-800 ndipo pachaka katundu magalimoto ntchito ndi chitukuko cha m'munsi - 400-500 m.

Komabe, mfundo ya injini nyukiliya salola yonyamula kumwazikana msanga. Chifukwa nthawi yaitali kayendedwe choncho, nthawi ndithu kupeza payload malamba cheza si onse katundu angathe kuperekedwa ntchito tugboats ndi injini nyukiliya. Choncho, katundu kuti zingakhalepo zochokera YAERDU pafupifupi matani 100-300 okha / chaka.

Mwachangu zachuma

Monga muyezo wa dzuwa zachuma yapakati-kanjira dongosolo la zamaulendo ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito mtengo wa unit ndalama zoyendera pa wagawo misa ya payload (GHG) mpweya padziko lapansi mu chandamale kanjira. RSC "Energia" zachuma ndi masamu chitsanzo, limene amaganizira Gawo la mtengo mu dongosolo zoyendera wakhala chakuti:

• chilengedwe ndi kuwonongedwa mayunitsi kanjira kumakoka;
• kwa ogulidwa kuyendetsa malo nyukiliya;
• ndalama zikugwira ntchito, komanso R & D ndi zotheka ndalama zolowa likulu.

magawo mtengo zimadalira magawo mulingo woyenera wa MB. Ntchito chitsanzo ichi anali ankafufuza Mwachangu poyerekeza chuma reusable kumakoka zochokera YAERDU mphamvu za 1 MW ndi kumakoka disposable pamaziko a patsogolo madzi injini roketi mu pulogalamuyi kuonetsetsa yobereka Padziko Lapansi Moon kanjira okwera 100 Km payload okwana misa tonnes 100 / chaka. Pamene ntchito chilimbikitso chomwecho onyamula mphamvu ofanana ntchito "purotoni-M" ndi dvuhpuskovoy yomanga dera dongosolo zoyendera yeniyeni mtengo wotumizira pa wagawo misa payload ntchito kumakoka pamaziko a injini nyukiliya adzakhala katatu poyerekeza pamene ntchito disposable zochokera tugboats ndi injini madzi roketi a mtundu MM-3.

Pomaliza

Kugwiritsa zosagwiritsa nyukiliya malo kumathandiza kuti yankho la mavuto a zachilengedwe a padziko lapansi, ndege wa munthu Mars, kupanga dongosolo la kufalitsa opanda zingwe mphamvu mu mlengalenga, kukhazikitsa chitetezo-kumatheka m'manda ku malo owopsa kwambiri zinyalala za nyukiliya nthaka ya mphamvu ya nyukiliya chilengedwe cha panali mwezi m'munsi ndi chitukuko malonda a Mwezi, kuonetsetsa kuteteza Earth ku ngozi asteroid ndi nyenyezi.