Irene Joliot-Curie: yochepa mbiri, zithunzi

Irène Joliot-Curie (chithunzi limasonyeza kenako m'nkhani) - mwana wamkazi wamkulu wa Marie ndi Pierre Curie asayansi otchuka analandira mphoto ya Nobel mu Chemistry mu 1935 chifukwa chotulukira wake ndi mwamuna wake mpweya wa poizoni yokumba. Iye anayamba ntchito yake sayansi ngati wothandizira kafukufuku pa Institute Analandira ku Paris, anakhazikitsa makolo ake, iye linakhala mayi ake anakhala bwana wake. Kumeneko anapeza mwamuna wake ndi moyo wonse bwenzi sayansi Frederikom Zholio. Monga ulamuliro, iwo anasaina anapeza kuphatikiza mayina awo.

Irene Joliot-Curie: yochepa yonena

Irene anabadwa pa 12/09/1897 ku Paris ku banja la Mariya ndi Wopambana wa Nobel Prize , Pierre Curie. ali mwana zinali zodabwitsa kwambiri - kusasitsa zinachitika mu kampani asayansi waluntha. Makolo tinakwatirana mu 1895 ndipo pamoyo wake kwa sayansi, akafuna kutulukira zinthu zasayansi wake ndi mpweya wa poizoni. Mariya Kyuri anali pafupi Kupezeka kwa rediamu, pamene pang'ono Irene, kapena "mfumukazi pang'ono," monga mayi ake otchedwa mwana wake wamkazi, anali ndi miyezi yochepa.

The mtsikana anakulira kwa zaka, koma anali mwana manyazi. Iye ndi kulamula kwambiri a amayi ake omwe anali n'zochita zambiri ndi mayesero awo. Pamene, pambuyo patsiku lalitali mu labu, "Mfumukazi" amayi wakeyu, napempha zipatso, Mary, tembenuzani ndi kupita ku msika kukwaniritsa chikwaniritsidwe mwa mwana wake. Pambuyo mwadzidzidzi mwangozi imfa ya bambo ake Pierre mu 1908, ndi chikoka chachikulu pa Irene anayamba kuchita khama agogo ake pa bambo Ezhen Kyuri. Iye anaphunzitsa mdzukulu wake zomera ndi mbiri zachilengedwe, pamene anakhala chilimwe m'mudzi. Curie Sr. anali ngati a kwakukulu ndale ndipo sakhulupirira Mulungu, ndipo anathandiza kupanga maganizo leftist Irene ndi kunyoza chipembedzo.

maphunziro nontraditional

maphunziro Curie chochititsa chidwi kwambiri. mayi ake adawona kuti Irene ndi mng'ono wake Eva Denise (1904 p.) Made tsiku thupi ndi maganizo thupi. Atsikanawo anali aboma, koma chifukwa Madame Curie anali sikunapatsidwa mwayi wopita ku sukulu, iye anakonza masewera co-ntchito, imene ana aphunzitsi a wotchuka Paris Sorbonne anabwera maphunziro zasayansi. mayi Irene zimaphunzitsa sayansi, ndiponso anzake ena otchuka anaphunzitsa masamu, umagwirira, zilankhulo ndi zosemasema. Posachedwa Irene anali wophunzira bwino ndi odziwa kwambiri za sayansi zimapangidwira. Patapita zaka ziwiri Komabe, iye anali 14, mukupanga wakhala anapinda, mtsikanayo anavomereza kuti sukulu payekha, College Sevigne, ndipo posakhalitsa analandira satifiketi. Anatha chirimwe pa gombe kapena mapiri, nthawizina mu gulu la anthu otchuka monga Albert Einstein ndi mwana wake. Ndiye Irene anafika Sorbonne kuphunzira kukhala namwino.

Ntchito kutsogolo

Pa First World Madame Curie anapita kutsogolo kumene latsopano X-ray zida ntchito zochizira asilikali. Mwana Posachedwa ndinaphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo chomwecho, ntchito ndi amayi ake, ndipo kenako zawo. Irene, manyazi ndi m'malo sakonda chikhalidwe, bata ndi unruffled mu pangozi. Pa zaka 21, anakhala wachiwiri kwa mayi pa Institute Analandira. Waphunzira kugwiritsa ntchito mtambo chipinda, ndi chipangizo chimene chimapangitsa kuonekera particles pulayimale kudzera njira ya madontho a madzi, iwo kusiya panjira m'gulu lawo.

Chiyambi cha ntchito yasayansi

Mu 1920s oyambirira, pambuyo chigonjetso cha ulendowu ku United States ndi mayi ndi mlongo wake, Iren Kyuri anayamba zopereka zake zasayansi. Kugwira ntchito ndi Fernand Holweck, utsogoleri mkulu wa bungwe lija, ankaphunzira zatsopano zingapo ndi rediamu, zotsatira za amene anali kufalitsidwa mu 1921 mu ntchito yake yoyamba. Ndi 1925 iye atamaliza nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii pa Alpha cheza cha polonium, mchitidwe wotsegulira makolo ake. anzake ambiri zasayansi, kuphatikizapo mwamuna wake watsogolo anaganiza kuti ngati bambo wake mu luso lake pafupifupi zachibadwa kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo. Frederick anali zaka zingapo wocheperapo Irene ndipo sadziwa mu ntchito zida za sayansi. Atafunsa kumuuza za mpweya wa poizoni, anayamba m'njira m'malo wamwano, koma iwo anayamba kupanga nezi yaitali mu dziko. Atakwatitsidwa mu 1926 ndipo anaganiza ntchito ophatikizana dzina Joliot-Curie, makolo ake otchuka.

mgwirizano kuberekana

Nobel mbiri Irène Joliot-Curie ndi mwamuna wake Frederic anayamba kafukufuku olowa. Iwo onse walemba ntchito zawo sayansi, ngakhale pambuyo 1932, Irene anaikidwa mutu wa zasayansi. Nditawerenga za zatsopano za asayansi German Walter Bothe ndi Hans Becker tcheru awo pa sayansi ya nyukiliya - munda wa sayansi, amene anali akadali mu Chiyambi chake. Only kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma, asayansi anatulukira kuti maatomu ndi phata chapakati ongokhala mapulotoni ndithu mlandu. Kunja ndi zoipa mlandu ma elekitironi. Makolo Irene mpweya wa poizoni anafufuza, chodabwitsa kumene kumachitika pamene mtima kwa zinthu zina zimatulutsa ndi tinthu kapena mphamvu. Woyamba ndi coarse Alpha particles chokhala phata la helium atomu milandu ziwiri zabwino. Mu ntchito zake, mphoto ya Nobel Prize, ndi Curie Sr. anapeza kuti ena zinthu nyukiliya zimatulutsa tinthu nthawi zonse pazikhala maziko.

maphatikizidwe nyukiliya

Mu labu wake, Irene Joliot-Curie mwayi kwa wambirimbiri kwambiri chuma nyukiliya mu dziko, ndicho polonium, kutsegula makolo ake. Izi amafotokozera mankhwala limatulutsa Alpha particles amene Irene ndi Frederick ntchito manyuzipepala zosiyanasiyana zinthu. Mu 1933, mabomba zotayidwa awo pachimake. Zotsatira zake zinali nyukiliya phosphorous. Zotayidwa ambiri ali 13 mapulotoni koma pamene amatitsatsa particles Alpha milandu ziwiri zabwino ngale afika mapulotoni kwambiri, kupanga phosphorous. The chifukwa mankhwala chinthu chosiyana ndi masoka - anali isotope wake nyukiliya.

Akatswiri anawayesa njira Alpha cheza ndi pa zipangizo zina, anapeza kuti Alpha particles adzawombana ndi ma atomu iwo n'kuzisintha kukhala mbali inanso ndi nambala yaikulu ya mapulotoni. Irene ndi Frederic Joliot-Curie kulenga mpweya wa poizoni yokumba. Iwo anati pa chodabwitsa cha Academy of Sciences mu January 1934.

The Prize Nobel

Oyamba Joliot-Curie unali wofunika kwambiri osati kwa sayansi woyera, komanso ntchito zake zosiyanasiyana. Mu 1930s, ambiri isotopes nyukiliya zimapezeka, amene ntchito ngati zolembera mu diagnostics zachipatala, komanso zatsopano zambiri. njira kupambana chinachititsa asayansi ena kuyetsa nyukiliya mphamvu kumasulidwa.

Zinali mphindi payekha chifukwa Irene Joliot-Curie. Amakhala kusangalala yosatheka kuneneka, koma mayi odwala anadziwa kuti mwana wake chikuyembekezeka kuzindikira, koma iye anafa mu July chaka chomwecho kuchokera m'magazi chifukwa cha yaitali kukhudzana ndi kuwala kwa magetsi. Patapita miyezi ingapo Joliot-Curie anaphunzira za ntchito ya Nobel Prize. Ngakhale iwo anali sayansi ya nyukiliya awiri analandira mphoto mu umagwirira chifukwa zotsatira za apeza m'munda umenewu.

Komanso, Irene ndi Frederic anakhala eni madigiri ambiri aulemu ndi akapitawo a Legiyo Ulemu. Koma madalitso awa pafupifupi osati anakhudzidwa. Ndakatulo kuwerenga, kusambira, chilikupita, kutsetsereka ndi kukwera amene sakudziwa chibwana, Irene Joliot-Curie. Ana Hélène ndi Pierre anakula, ndipo iye anachita chidwi m'magulu chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Kuli Mulungu ndi maganizo leftist, Irene anali pomenyera othandiza azimayi. Iye anali mtumiki Wachiwiri mu Popular Front boma Leona Blyuma mu 1936, ndiye anasankhidwa pulofesa pa Sorbonne mu 1937.

atomu smashing

Kupitiriza kugwira ntchito yake m'munda wa sayansi mu mochedwa 1930s, Irene Joliot-Curie imachitika kuyesera ndi nyutironi bombardment a mtima ureniamu. Ndi wothandiza wake Pavlom Savichem iye anasonyeza kuti ureniamu akhoza unagawika zinthu zina nyukiliya. kuyesera ake zofunika kunathandiza kuti wasayansi wina Otto Hahn, amene anasonyeza kuti ureniamu nyutironi bombardment akhoza muchigawane mu maatomu awiri kulemera ofanana. zodabwitsazi anakhala maziko a angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu atomiki - m'badwo wa mphamvu nyukiliya ndi zida za nyukiliya.

Pa chiyambi cha Wachiwiri World Irene anapitiriza maphunziro ake ku Paris, ngakhale mwamuna wake Frederick anapita mobisa. Onse mbali ya French kukana kayendedwe, ndipo mu 1944, ana Irene anapita ku Switzerland. Nkhondo itatha, iye anaikidwa mutu wa Institute Analandira, komanso ovomerezeka ndi French ntchito nyukiliya. Anatha masiku ake zasayansi, ndipo anapitiriza kukamba nkhani ndi kupanga ulaliki pa nkhani ya mpweya wa poizoni, ngakhale thanzi lake pang'onopang'ono sakuyenda.

Irene Joliot-Curie: ndondomeko A MBIRI

Frederick, membala wa Party Communist kuyambira 1942, anachotsedwa ndi mutu wa French Atomic Energy Commission. Pambuyo pake, banjali linayamba ochirikiza ntchito mphamvu nyukiliya chifukwa cha mtendere. Irene anali membala wa Bungwe Mtendere World, ndi maulendo angapo kuti Soviet Union. Zinali kutalika kwa "Chidani", ndi chifukwa cha ntchito ya ndale za Irene unakanizidwa m'bungwe la American mankhwala Society, ntchito chomwe ada mangala mu 1954. chopereka wake wotsiriza kwa sayansi anali kuthandiza pa ntchito yolenga lalikulu tinthu accelerator ndi zasayansi mu Orsay, kum'mwera kwa Paris, mu 1955. matenda akewo atakula kwambiri, ndipo 3/17/56 Irene Joliot-Curie anafa, monga mayi ake, kuchokera m'magazi chifukwa lalikulu okwana cheza mlingo.