Kupanga zasokoneza

Kupanga zasokoneza analengedwa pa maziko a kucheza ndi zaka 20 wa zachilengedwe, chibadwa ndi Darwin. Lero, amaona lathunthu kwambiri ndipo anayamba wathunthu ndithu. Kupanga zasokoneza kuonekera pa zachikhalidwe anthu chibadwa ndi Darwin.

The loyambirira kukhazikitsa njira majini anali Chetverikov SERGEY. Mu 1926 anafalitsa nkhani kumene zamoyo wa moyo (pazinthu zina) wakhala ankaona ku mawonedwe a chibadwa. Mu ntchito yake Chetverikov anabweretsa kamba angapo. Chitsanzo cha iwo anthu chilengedwe cha Drosophila unatengedwa. Choncho, wasayansi anapeza zotsatirazi:

1. Masinthidwe m'chilengedwe zimachitika nthawi zonse.
2. kusintha Recessive ukapitirize kalekale m'chigawo heterozygous.
3. Ndi masinthidwe kudziunjikira pa mtundu womwewo zizindikiro ndi anamasuka pa nthawi (monga msinkhu iwo).
4. Akuluakulu interspecies zosiyanasiyana zinthu ndi kusintha chibadwa ndi kudzipatula.
5. Panmixia (ufulu ndizi) kumabweretsa polymorphism ndi kusankha - ndi monomorphism a mitundu.

Chiphunzitso anapereka Chetverikov zikutanthauza kuti kudzikundikira chuma cha masinthidwe mwachisawawa zimathandiza kuti directionality dziphunzitsiranso, za mu chitukuko. Anapitiriza kukula wophunzitsa geneticists Russian monga Romashov, Timofeev Resovskii Vavilov, Dubinin ndi ena. Ntchito za izi ndi mafanizo ena anapanga malo amene chiphunzitso kupanga chirengedwe.

M'chaka 30 a Wright Holdeymsa, Fischer anaika maziko a chitukuko cha chiphunzitso mu West.

Imodzi mwa ntchito woyamba kumene chiphunzitso kupanga kwa zinthu, kwenikweni wake, monograph pa Dobzhansky linakhazikitsidwa magwero a mitundu ndi chibadwa. Mu pepala ili chidwi ankafunitsitsa kuphunzira njira za anthu majini a dongosolo malinga ndi chikoka cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana. zinthu, makamaka monga masiyanidwe majini, ndi kusinthasintha kwa chiwerengero cha anthu mu mawu a anthu osiyana, kusamuka. A chikoka ndiponso zinthu zimene zamoyo kudzipatula ubereki ndi kupangidwa mwa mitundu mitundu yatsopano.

Ndi zopereka kwambiri kutukula wophunzitsa Schmalhausen. Malinga ndi mgwirizano kulenga ya embryology, chiphunzitso cha chisinthiko, paleontology, kafukufuku wakapangidwe kazachilengedwe ndi chibadwa, asayansi amachitika mozama kafukufuku chiŵerengero phylogeny ndi ontogeny ankayendera mumaganiza chachikulu kusanduka ndipo anayamba ambiri a chakudya chachikulu chiphunzitso ano.

Mwa malo zofunika kafukufuku zazikulu ndi ntchito ya Huxley, "Evolution. The kaphatikizidwe wamakono." Chofunika kwambiri komanso anali kuphunzira maonekedwe ndi chiwerengero cha chitukuko yotentha ndi Simpson.

chiphunzitso kupanga zachokera postulates khumi lalikulu. Awo mwachidule tinene Vorontsov.

1. Masinthidwe, ang'onoang'ono kusintha apawokha mu chibadwa amaonedwa zamoyo zinachita ndi nkhani mwachisawawa.
2. Main, kumlingo, ngakhale yekha galimoto kumulimbikitsa ndi chitukuko imatengedwa kuti ndi kusankha zamoyo, zomwe zachokera kusankha cha masinthidwe ang'ono ndi mwachisawawa.
3. Unit zing'onozing'ono imatengedwa kuti ndi anthu ikusintha.
4. Development ali panopa mmene anawasiyanitsira (pang'onopang'ono) ndi chikhalidwe mosalekeza.
5. View ochuluka wamng'ono ndipo nthawi yomweyo distinguishable (morphologically, majini ndi physiologically), koma osati mayunitsi reproductively lakutali.
6. Evolution amafuna makhalidwe divergence.
7. majini chakudya (alleles kusinthitsa) amaloledwa yekha mwa mitundu. Pa nkhani imeneyi, ndi (a mtundu) akuti ndi dongosolo Integrated ndi chibadwa chatsekedwa.
8. Mtundu wa katundu sizikhudza mitundu kuti kubereka asexually ndi parthenogenesis ndi.
9. Macroevolution kumachitika mwa microevolutionary.
10. Real taxon amachokera monofiliticheskoe (amatanthauza mawonekedwe makolo wina).
11. Evolution ndi ndondomeko sizimadziwika, ali si mbali chikhalidwe cha cholinga chapamwamba kwambiri.