Kagayidwe mu zamoyo Kodi: tanthauzo

A chikhalidwe kuvomerezedwa chapangitsa kuti aliyense chamoyo moyo ndi chakudya zonse zakudya ndi kuchotsedwa kwa mankhwala komaliza kuwonongeka.

kagayidwe mu zamoyo Kodi

Kagayidwe, kapena kagayidwe - wapadera ya mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira zimene zachitika aliyense chamoyo moyo kukhalabe ntchito yake ndi moyo. Zimenezi kupereka thupi mwayi kukhala, kukula ndi kuchulukitsa pamene kusunga dongosolo ake ndi kulabadira zachilengedwe za chilengedwe.

Kagayidwe akhoza kugawidwa mu magawo awiri: catabolism ndi anabolism. Mu gawo loyamba zinthu zonse zovuta unagwa ndi kukhala wosavuta. Pa wachiwiri, pamodzi ndi mtengo mphamvu apanga mkati zidulo, lipids ndi mapuloteni.

Udindo wofunika kwambiri kagayidwe pa masewero michere zimene zimayenda kwachilengedwenso catalysts. Iwo amatha kuchepetsa kutsegula mphamvu zochita thupi ndi malangizo njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

madera kagayidwe kachakudya ndi mbali zofanana kwa mitundu yambiri yomwe ndi umboni wa umodzi wa chiyambi cha Zolengedwa zonse zamoyo. kufanana Izi zikusonyeza zosayembekezereka ndi oyambirira kusanduka mu mbiri ya chitukuko cha zamoyo.

Gawo mtundu wa kagayidwe

kagayidwe mu zamoyo, anafotokoza m'nkhani ino chiri. zamoyo zonse zimene zilipo pa Dziko Lapansi zikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu eyiti, motsogozedwa ndi gwero la mpweya, mphamvu ndi oxidized gawo lapansi.

Zamoyo monga gwero mphamvu ntchito mphamvu ya mmene zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimachitikira, kapena kuwala. Monga oxidizable gawo lapansi zimakhala organic ndi zinthu zochita kupanga. Gwero la mpweya ndi mpweya woipa kapena organic.

Pali tizilombo kuti, pokhala zosiyanasiyana aliko, ntchito mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kagayidwe. Izo zimatengera chinyezi, kuunikira ndi zinthu zina.

zamoyo Multicellular akhoza yodziwika mu umodzi ndi thupi lomwelo mwina maselo ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya njira kagayidwe kachakudya.

catabolism

Biology, kagayidwe ndi mphamvu mwa kukambirana chinthu monga "catabolism". Mawu amenewa amatchedwa njira kagayidwe kachakudya imene particles lalikulu kunyama, amino zidulo ndi chakudya unagwa. Pa catabolism kuoneka mamolekyulu yosavuta nawo zochita biosynthesis. Ndi ndondomeko izi thupi amatha kusonkhanitsa mphamvu yosintha mu mawonekedwe kupezeka.

Zamoyo kuti moyo umene timapuma (zomera ndi cyanobacteria), zochita elekitironi kutengerapo musati kumasula mphamvu ndipo amasonkhana chifukwa dzuwa.

Nyama catabolic anachita zovuta kugwirizana ndi akuwaza ndi zinthu chosavuta. Zinthu zimenezi ndi feteleza komanso mpweya.

Catabolism nyama lagawidwa magawo atatu:

1. Pogawanikana pamawere zinthu zovuta kuti anthu chosavuta.
2. Pogawanikana pamawere la tinthu yosavuta wosavuta.
3. mphamvu kumasulidwa.

anabolism

Kagayidwe (zamoyo grade 8 amaona lingaliro ili) ndi anabolism yodziwika ndi - ndi mndandanda wa njira kagayidwe kachakudya wa biosynthesis ndi Tikaganizira za mphamvu. Zovuta mamolekyulu kuti ndi maziko a mphamvu a nyumba ma anapanga sequentially ku precursors zophweka kwambiri.

Choyamba apanga kwa amino zidulo, nucleotides, monosaccharides. Ndiye zinthu izi mitundu yogwira mphamvu chifukwa Apr. Ndipo sitepe otsiriza monomers zonse yogwira amaphatikiza nyumba zovuta monga mapulotini, lipids ndi polysaccharides.

Dziwani kuti si zamoyo zonse lithe mamolekyulu yogwira. Biology (kagayidwe anafotokoza m'nkhani ino) allocates zamoyo monga autotrophs ndi heterotrophs chemotroph. Iwo kupeza mphamvu zawo ku magwero zina.

The mphamvu analandira dzuwa

kagayidwe mu zamoyo ndi chiyani? njira imene zamoyo zonse ali padziko lapansi, ndi chimasiyanitsa zamoyo ku zinthu zopanda moyo.

Mphamvu ya dzuwa kudya ena mogwirizana, zomera ndi cyanobacteria. Mu nthumwi izi kagayidwe kumachitika mwa dzuwa - ndondomeko mayamwidwe mpweya ndi excrete mpweya.

chimbudzi

mamolekyulu zotere wowuma, mapuloteni ndi mapadi ndi lamamatira pamaso iwo ntchito ngati maselo. Mu ndondomeko ya chimbudzi ndi anapezeka michere wapadera kuti kuphwanya mapuloteni mu amino zidulo ndi polysaccharides - kuti monosaccharides.

Nyama kumasula michere umenewu maselo wapadera. Koma tizilombo amenewa amakhala ku malo ozungulira. zinthu zonse zomwe zimapangidwa chifukwa michere extracellular kuti kulowa thupi kudzera "zoyendera wamphamvu".

Control ndi malamulo

kagayidwe mu zamoyo Kodi mungawerenge m'nkhani ino. Aliyense homeostasis chamoyo yodziwika ndi - mosalekeza chilengedwe mkati. Kupezeka kwa zinthu zimenezi n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa chamoyo chilichonse. Popeza kuti onse malo amene zikusintha kuti asunge zinthu mulingo woyenera mwa maselo a zochita zonse kagayidwe kachakudya ayenera molondola molondola ankalamulira. kagayidwe wabwino chimathandiza zamoyo anakumana zonse zachilengedwe ndi kuwathandiza.

nkhani za m'mbiri

kagayidwe mu zamoyo ndi chiyani? Khama ali kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino. Chiphunzitso cha "kagayidwe" kwa nthawi yoyamba anagwiritsa ntchito Theodor Schwann mu makumi anai za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi.

Kuphunzira kagayidwe, asayansi zikugwira zaka mazana angapo, ndipo onse anayamba zoyesayesa kuphunzira nyama. Koma mawu akuti "kagayidwe" anayamba ntchito mwa Ibn al-Nafis, amene anakhulupirira kuti thupi lonse zonse mu mkhalidwe chakudya ndi kuvunda, choncho amakhala ndi kusintha zonse kwa iye.

Biology phunziro "kagayidwe" kutsegula akamanena za mfundo ndi kufotokoza zitsanzo chingatithandize kukhalabe kuya kwa chidziwitso.

Choyamba ankaonetsetsa zambiri kuphunzira kagayidwe chinapezeka Santorio Santoro mu 1614. Iye anafotokoza chikhalidwe chake pamaso ndipo pambuyo chakudya, ntchito, kumwa madzi ndi tulo. Iye anali oyamba kuzindikira kuti ambiri mwa mowa chakudya anataika pa "imperceptible evaporation" ndondomeko.

Mu maphunziro koyamba, ndi zochita kagayidwe kachakudya sanapezeke, ndi asayansi ankaganiza kuti minofu moyo akulamulira mphamvu.

Mu zaka mazana makumi awiri, Eduard Buchner anayambitsa mfundo michere. Kuyambira pamenepo kuphunzira kagayidwe akuyamba ndi kuphunzira maselo. Nthawi imeneyi, sayansi wakhala sayansi.

kagayidwe mu zamoyo ndi chiyani? Tanthauzo angaperekedwe zotsatirazi - wapadera ya zochita amuzolengedwa amene amathandiza kukhalako kwa chamoyo.

mchere

Kagayidwe wa udindo waukulu kwambiri ankaimba ndi zinthu zochita kupanga. mankhwala onse organic zigwirizana wambirimbiri phosphorous, Mpweya ndi asafe.

Kwambiri mankhwala zochita kupanga angathe kulamulira mlingo kuthamanga mkati mwa selo. Komanso, ndende kuli ndi ubwino pa ntchito kwa maselo a minofu ndi mitsempha.

zitsulo kusamba (chitsulo ndi nthaka) zonse ntchito mapulotini zoyendera ndi michere. mchere onse zochita kupanga odzipereka mwa mapuloteni zoyendera ndi konse ali mu mkhalidwe ufulu.