Kamangidwe chilolezo: onse zambiri. Mayina malamulo Greek mapulani

Kamangidwe chilolezo anakhala ambiri masiku amakedzana. Ndipotu,-perestroika-mtengo dongosolo, wodzilemekeza ndi zina zinthu limaonetseratu. kuti mapulani, mwachidule amene anaperekedwa mu lonena za Vitruvius akadali I m'ma BC, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito ku Greece kumanga mipingo anapanga mawonekedwe kuzindikira lero nyumba za dziko lino.

Zinthu zazikulu

Vitruvius ntchito mfundo zake za malamulo yomanga. Kuwerengetsa kapangidwe magawo analandidwa maziko gawo ndi m'munsi ndime awiri. Icho chinali muyeso wa kukula kwa zinthu zonse.

Kamangidwe kuti Ancient Greece ndi mndandanda wa zinthu muyezo umene amasiyana chiŵerengero cha magnitudes awo, ndi yokongola. Iwo anali wopangidwa ndi ndime (ndime), entablature (entablature) ndi pedestal. Choyamba, nayenso tichipeza zinthu zitatu:

• Fust (kutsinde - mbiya);

• likulu (likulu);

• m'munsi (baza)

The ndodo mizati - mbali yaikulu ya wochindikala amachepetsa ndi kutalika, koma omangidwa. Capital ndipamene kumtunda, icho chimapita mwachindunji katundu wa overlying zinthu nyumbayi. Nawonso achichepere ntchito amanena momveka bwino dzina: ndi maziko a Fust.

Entablement, kumtunda kwa dongosolo, Komanso ali ndi dongosolo patatu. Amakhala wa architrave (architrave), frieze (frieze) ndi Chigawo (cornice). mitundu Architrave alipo pakati pa mizati, ndi waukulu chonyamulira mbali ya entablature lapansi. Freese - mchitidwe pakati. Kamangidwe malamulo amakedzana yodziwika ndi kuphedwa osiyana wa gawo ili: izo zikhoza kukhala yosalala kapena fano. Cornice korona mzati, nthawi zambiri chokongoletsedwa dentil (dentils), kapena, ngati iwo amatchedwa, dongosolo crackers - lotsatira amakona anayi protrusions.

Pedestal - pansi pa danga, ndi maziko ake, kawirikawiri amakhala ndi dongosolo analowa. Danga "limakula" kuchokera stylobate (stylobate) - siteji chapamwamba.

Kamangidwe malamulo a Ancient Greece

Pali malamulo asanu, imatengedwa tingachipeze powerenga. Atatu a iwo anapanga pa gawo Greek. Izi Doric, amaayoni ndi Korinto mapulani dongosolo. Mu Roma, panali awiri more: Tuscan ndi gulu. Aliyense ali ake mbali mwini chosiyana mu kapangidwe ndi zinthu zokongoletsera.

Mayina malamulo Greek mapulani kupereka lingaliro la m'dera zimene a boma wakale Yak. Kuwonekera m'dera lawo, mu VI m'ma BC Amaayoni ndi mizati Doric mitundu mwamsanga Zafalikira Greece. Korinto kuti sanali wotchuka kwambiri. Yakhala zambiri kufunika mu Roma.

Ukulu ndi kuphweka

Doric mapulani kuti ndi osiyana kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha mfundo kukongoletsa. ndime analibe m'munsi, chifukwa zachokera mwachindunji stylobate lapansi. Tapered thunthu m'goli, wachitatu kwinakwake, pa chimodzi cha kutalika anali thickening pang'ono. ndime ya padziko chidafundidwa ndi grooves - yosema. Monga ulamuliro, panali 20. yekha The chitoliro anapatsa ena yaikulu ziwembu kukongoletsa: iwo analenga sewero kuwala ndi mithunzi, zowoneka kukula msinkhu wa mzati wa. Pali malo kwa mizati makungwa yosalala.

Capital anali atazungulira chifukwa chimene lalikulu akunama. Iwo ankadalira architrave yosalala. Freese zili triglyphs - molunjika Mzere ndi zamkati triangular pakati pawo, m'magulu zitatu. Pakati triglyphs anali intervals (njira) kapena yosalala anadzazidwa ndi zodzikongoletsera. Pansi eaves nthawi zambiri linaikidwa angapo chilolezo-crackers.

Wotchuka padziko lonse

Doric kwambiri bwino za katswiri ngati a zomangamanga zakale Parthenon ndi Kachisi wa Hephaestus. Mokhwima mizati mtima chokongoletsedwa ndi nyumba wodzipereka kwa Poseidon pa Cape Sounion, ndi Afee pachilumba cha Aegina.

Doric - mophweka kwambiri mawu a zokongoletsa kuti mapulani. Species mu Ionia, kenako ku Korinto, ambiri zokongoletsa zosiyana ndi mwatsatanetsatane luso.

Ukazi, zopezeka mwala

Dorian kusalekerera ankatsutsa kwa softness ndi mwachikondi, ngakhale ena a amaayoni dongosolo. Zipilala za mtundu uwu pamwamba m'munsi chonse chimene chikuwoneka amatikumbutsa ochepa zakhala zikuzunza m'miyoyo pa mphete mzake. Mzati ndi yaitali kuposa chimake Doric. Kuyambira ndime izi zikuoneka zambiri wochepa. Chitoliro zakuya (pali 24), ndipo likulu chokongoletsedwa ndi ndalama (mapini).

Amaayoni entablature yopapatiza kwambiri ndi tichipeza zigawo zitatu yopingasa: kumveka architrave, frieze, zomwe ziribe triglyphs, ndi pang'ono yotundumukira kunja kwa mpanda cornice ndi dentil lotsatira. The gawo pakati entablature nthawi zambiri chokongoletsedwa ndi reliefs.

Mwa kupanga ndime zimenezi, mapulani wakale anayerekezera mkazi wake ndi m'chiuno ang'ono, tsitsi wavy, ndalama ndi loyenda m'makwinya a zovala - yosema.

magwero

Vitruvius, mu buku lake, analemba kuti amaayoni mapulani malamulo adanyamuka pomanga mpingo wa Efeso. Kufunika kwa mtundu watsopano zinayamba chifukwa chofuna kupeza kalembedwe ophatikizapo mzimu wa mafuko Greek kuti anthu m'deralo, Mosiyana ndi Dorian. Pokhala ndi pakati kubweretsa chipatso wokondedwa: amaayoni kuti amadziwika zosachepera mnzake ake wosamalitsa, ndipo mmodzi wa tingachipeze powerenga.

Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti mapangidwe mtundu watsopano wa mzati wakhala pang'onopang'ono, ndi kachisi wa Efeso wokha quintessence wa magawo onse m'mbuyomu. Lang'anani, ndi amaayoni kuti ndi moona ophatikizapo kudziŵa kukongola. Nzosadabwitsa kuti Mulungu anamugwiritsa ntchito yomanga nyumba ya Athena Nike ndi Artemi, yotsirizira pambuyo pake analandira udindo wa mmodzi wa zodabwitsa zisanu ndi ziwiri za dziko.

mng'ono

Korinto kuti, monga taonera kale, kugawa wapadera analandira ku Roma. Mu Greece izo ankaona mphukira ya amaayoni. Inde, madongosolo awa ndi zambiri zofanana. Mkulu ndodo ndi 24 nthandala yosema pa maziko chonse. Chachikulu kusiyana - ndi zisoti yaing'ono, wopangidwa mwa ndalama sikisitini limodzi ndi masamba acanthus, anakonza mizere iwiri.

Entablement ofanana amafotokozera lolingana mu dongosolo amaayoni: izo zizindikiro anagawa architrave, frieze, mavuto onse ndi cornice mano. Mosiyana ndi nyumba ntchito mizati imeneyo ndi wakuti sizimacilikiza denga matabwa, ndipo pomwepo.

Tikapitiliza fanizo la chachimuna ndi chachikazi, dongosolo lachitatu Greek m'malo ali mbali khalidwe la mtsikana, ndi coquetry ndi chikondi kwa zodzikongoletsera chipangizo. Zitsanzo loyambirira la anapeza mizati Korinto amaonedwa kukhala kachisi wa Apollo pa Bassae.

amalandira

Greek mapulani malamulo anapitiriza kukhalapo mu Roma. Amagwiritsa ntchito mfiti, kulenga maonekedwe a mizinda ya ufumuwo. Mu yomweyi, pali anaonekera mitundu yatsopano: Tuscan ndi gulu malamulo a kamangidwe kake. Ndipo dzina la magawo, ndi kumanga wonse maganizo osungidwa.

Gulu kuti - "mbeu" ya amaayoni ndi Korinto. mbali Tuscan chibadidwe kuti kupanga zikudziwika zimakhalira pachibale ndi Dorian: weni ndime popanda unali architrave yosalala ndi frieze kuzungulira likulu unadorned.

Atagwa mu Ufumu wa Roma, chidwi mitundu ina mapulani pang'onopang'ono kuchepa ndipo anatsitsimuka kokha m'zaka XV, atazindikira lonena Vetruviya. The nyumba kalembedwe chakale, amene inkayenda ina, komanso kwenikweni muli ndime kapena zinthu zofanana. Tikumbukenso kuti lero mapulani malamulo, amene anafika nafe kudzera makulidwe a zaka zana amagwilitsidwa ntchito chilengedwe ndi chokongoletsera katswiri watsopano.