Kodi ubale wa hydrogen? Mitundu mmene

Kodi ubale wa hydrogen? Onse Mwachitsanzo kudziwika choonetsa kugwirizana ndi madzi wamba (H2O). Chifukwa chakuti mpweya atomu (O) ndi electronegative oposa awiri atomu wa hydrogen (H), iyo imakoka ngati maatomu haidrojeni ogwirizana ma elekitironi. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa chotero covalent kumalo ozizira chomangira anapanga dipole. Mpweya atomu amapeza si lalikulu kwambiri woyang'anira zoipa ndipo maatomu wa hydrogen ndi - yaing'ono mlandu zabwino, amene amakopeka ndi ma elekitironi ndi (Lone peyala ya iwo) pa mpweya atomu pafupi H2O mamolekyulu (i.e., madzi). Choncho, tingathe kunena kuti ubwenzi wa hydrogen - njira mphamvu ya kukopa pakati pa maatomu hydrogen ndi atomu electronegative. Chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa atomu wa hydrogen ndi ake kumanga ndi kukopa kwa ma elekitironi ndi kumakhaladi anabala pachimake (i.e., purotoni, palibe ma elekitironi ena isagwe). Ngakhale mgwirizano wa hydrogen ndi yochepa kuposa covalent, kuti izo zimayambitsa lonse mndandanda wa katundu anomalous wa H2O (madzi).

Nthawi zambiri, nsinga yake imeneyi aumbike ndi maatomu a zinthu zotsatirazi: mpweya (O), asafe (N) ndi fluorine (F). Izi zimachitika chifukwa chakuti maatomu modzi wa izi ali wamfupi ndi kukhala electronegativity mkulu. C maatomu chachikulu (S sulfure kapena chlorine cl) ndipamene ubale wa hydrogen ndi ofooka, ngakhale kuti ndi electronegativity awo zinthu izi mofanana N (i.e. asafe).

Pali mitundu iwiri ya kumangidwa wa hydrogen:

1. wa hydrogen intermolecular chomangira - kumachitika pakati mamolekyulu awiri, mwachitsanzo: methanol, amoniya, fluoride wa hydrogen.
2. intramolecular ubale wa hydrogen - amapezeka mkati molekyulu limodzi, monga 2-nitrophenol.

Tsopano akukhulupirira kuti haidrojeni mankhwala ubale ndi ofooka ndi amphamvu. Amasiyana ndi mnzake mu mphamvu ndi akapolo kutalika (mtunda wa pakati pa maatomu):

1. haidrojeni nsinga ndi ofooka. Mphamvu - 10-30 KJ / mol, mgwirizano kutalika - 30. zinthu zonse tatchulazi ndi zitsanzo za ubale wa hydrogen labwinobwino kapena ofooka.
2. nsinga wa hydrogen ndi amphamvu. Mphamvu - 400 KJ / mol, kutalika - 23-24. Data akamagwira kuyesera amasonyeza kuti mgwirizano wolimba anapanga mu ayoni izi: ndi ion-vodoroddiftorid [FHF] -, ion-hydrated hydroxide [HO-H-HA] -, ion oxonium hydrated [H2O-H-OH2] + komanso mankhwala ena osiyanasiyana organic ndi zochita kupanga.

Mphamvu ya haidrojeni-kulumikiza

mfundo Anomalous Owira mfundo ndi kusungunuka enthalpies wa vaporization ndi mavuto padziko zina za mankhwala akhoza zimachitika pamaso kumangidwa wa hydrogen. Madzi mfundo anomalous katundu onsewa, fluoride hydrogen ndi amoniya - otentha mfundo ndi kusungunuka. Madzi ndi fluoride wa hydrogen limati olimba ndi madzi chifukwa kukhalapo mu iwo a haidrojini intermolecular nsinga amaonedwa kuti polymerized. ubwenzi ikufotokoza osati kwambiri limatsogolera kutentha kwa zinthuzi, komanso kachulukidwe awo otsika. M'menemo pa kusungunuka ubale wa hydrogen pang'ono n'kugwa, chifukwa chimene mamolekyulu madzi (H2O) ali odzaza achuluka kwambiri.

The dimerization zinthu zina (asidi carboxylic, mwachitsanzo, benzoic asidi ndi asidi acetic) Angagwiritsidwenso anafotokoza ndi kukhalapo kogwirizana wa hydrogen. Dimer - mamolekyulu awiri amene zinalumikizana pamodzi. Pachifukwa ichi, zidulo carboxylic otentha mfundo kuposa mankhwala ndi pafupifupi chimodzimodzi maselo kulemera. Mwachitsanzo, asidi acetic (CH3COOH) kuwira kutentha ndi 391 K, pamene acetone (CH3COCH3), ndi 329 K.

Mphamvu ya haidrojeni intramolecular nsinga

ubwenzi nawonso amakhudza kapangidwe ndi katundu wa mankhwala osiyanasiyana, monga 2- ndi 4-nitrophenol. Koma wotchuka kwambiri ndi zofunika chitsanzo cha mgwirizano wa hydrogen - ndi deoxyribonucleic acid (abbr: DNA.). Izi molekyulu asidi apangidwe kukhala helix awiri, ndi m'magawo awiri motere amene cholukanalukana mwa maunyolo a hydrogen.