Khoti la International of Human Rights. Court mayiko a Justice. Mayiko chigamulo khoti

Chabe zaka zingapo zapitazo, njira yaikulu ya kuthetsa mikangano ya mayiko ndi nkhani zina anali zokambirana nkhondo. Komanso njira yachiwiri ntchito zambiri kuposa poyamba, chifukwa chakuti ndi thandizo ake zinali zotheka kuti iyende kwambiri ngati chigonjetso. Koma ngati chitukuko cha kulikonse kusanduka chikhalidwe chake malamulo. Zinali zoonekeratu kuti nkhondo ndi zoipa zonse anagonjetsa ndi opambana. Choncho, kampani anayamba kufunafuna njira wabwino wa lothetsera milandu padziko lonse. Great kutsogolera maganizo amenewa ndi zikamera wa makampani yeniyeni malamulo, amene okhudza ubale pakati pa nkhani udindo wa mayiko.

malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, makamaka anathandiza kukhazikitsa njira kukambirana pakati pa maiko, ndi amene angathetse iliyonse vuto. Pofuna kukwaniritsa kukhazikitsa malamulo mayiko malamulo, ife analenga mabungwe chapadera chomwe analandira udindo wa kukhoti. Chibwenzi, makhoti kukopedwa nambala lalikulu la nzika za malamulo onse a boma ndi ena. M'nkhaniyi tiona pofotokoza ndi kuwulula zinthu zazikulu za makhoti mayiko a madera osiyana.

Lingaliro la mabwalo padziko lonse

Kwa nzika iliyonse wamba pafupifupi nthawi zonse akhala chinsinsi kufunsa kuti bwalo lonse. Kaya zokhudzana ndi malangizo a bwalo lonse pali umodzi malamulo lamulo la zochitika za matupi amenewa. Choona chidwi ndi pabwalo la mayiko - chotsatira cha pangano yeniyeni anamaliza pakati States. Popeza izi ndi zina, mukhoza kusankha lingaliro limodzi. Motero, mayiko bwalo - thupi kuti analengedwa kokha pa maziko a yeniyeni pangano mayiko kuthana ndi kuthana ndi mikangano pakati pa madera a chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi zina payekha. Today pali ambiri mabwalo osiyana, omwe ali ndi udindo kwa gawo makamaka za lamulo lonse. pepala Adzaperekedwa wotchuka kwambiri a iwo.

Mayendedwe malamulo a chigamulo cha makhoti padziko lonse

Pali mafunso ambiri okhudza mmene kukhazikitsa lamulo la mabwalo padziko lonse. vuto ndi kuti palibe limagwirira limodzi limene njira zotulutsidwa m'nkhani akuluakulu ntchito pa mlingo dziko m'mayiko ena. Chiphunzitso cha malamulo adziko lonse lapansi anayamba lingaliro limene limati kuti khoti mayiko akuyendera mu chimango cha mgwirizano, chifukwa umene unalengedwa. Popeza kulunjika la mabungwe awa anapereka mfundo ndi abwino kwambiri. Choncho, udindo wa khoti mayiko lathu aliyense malamulo ndi pangano yeniyeni mayiko pakati limati zina.

Court mayiko a Justice

Mmodzi wa matupi wotchuka ndi zofunika kwambiri m'munda wa lamulo mikangano mayiko ndi Court of Justice. khothi unakhazikitsidwa mogwirizana ndi hayala United Nations mu 1945. Limba ndi imodzi mwa mabungwe asanu maziko a Organization. Malinga ndi hayala, izo nthawi mikangano mayiko malamulo mogwirizana ndi mfundo za chilungamo ndi kuthetsa kusamvana mwa mtendere. Court mayiko a Justice linali ku mbali yaikulu chifukwa ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, pamene anthu anazindikira mantha zonse kwa mtundu umenewu wa nkhondo. zochitika zawo zimatsatira osiyana zolimbana chikalata bungwe. Chibwenzi, monga lamulo la United Nations ya International Court of Justice.

Momwe Court of Justice ndi magwero a chilamulo ntchito kwa iwo

Mayendedwe malamulo a khoti amadalira kwathunthu pa United Nations zikalata normative. Monga ulamuliro, mamembala ake ali ganyu a Court mayiko a Justice. Anayambitsa thupi ili pa maziko a udindo wa Organization. M'zochita zake Court of Justice amagwiritsa ambiri a magwero a malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Malinga Article 38 Malamulo, kuti athetse mikangano kutsatira zotsatirazi magwero malamulo ntchito:

• Convention, ndi pangano mayiko a chikhalidwe malamulo;
• makhalidwe malamulo lonse ;
• mfundo za malamulo kulili machitidwe onse malamulo;
• zosankha akatswiri payekha komanso odziwika bwino kwambiri chiphunzitso mayiko malamulo.

Nthawi zina, khoti akhoza posankha zochita zake mfundo za chilungamo, osati Kuchepetsa okha kuti formalize malamulo lonse.

ulamuliro

Mayiko Court of Justice adzakhala ndi ulamuliro okhawo anthu amene mwandipatsa lofotokoza chilolezo kuti ayesedwe mu chitsanzo ichi. Monga ulamuliro, zigawo membala UN, pali njira zingapo zofunika zimene iwo akhoza khumbo awo nawo mlanduwo motsogozedwa ndi bwalo lonse. Mwa njira zimenezi ndi izi:

1. Pangano khalidwe wapadera (maphwando vutolo kugwirizana pakati pawo kutengerapo wake ku Khoti mayiko a Justice).
2. Mu ena zimenezi, pali nkhani zimene poyamba obliges Zisangalalo kuthetsa mikangano yawo yonse ndi States ena mu Court mayiko a Justice.
3. Nthawi zina State Member imazindikira Ulamuliro wa khoti yokha womangidwa ndi kulengeza unilateral.

Pamaziko a zikhalidwe za Court mayiko a Justice akuchita ntchito yake mu ndondomeko ya chothetsera pakati pa mitundu.

Khoti la International za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

M'mayiko ambiri kutukuka ndi phindu maziko a modernity koposa zonse, anthu. Choncho, ufulu wake ndi ufulu kudziteteza zingapo zokhudza malamulo, onse machitidwe dziko ndi mayiko malamulo.

Koma ngakhale ndi chitukuko cha chikhalidwe malamulo alionse m'dzikoli nthawi zambiri ndithu ufulu wa anthu zisakuyenda. Ndi chinthu ichi zoipa pofuna kulimbana, koma ndi kupita kukhoti zina. Thupi waukulu m'dera lino ndi bwalo la International of Human Rights. mutuwu si zoonadi, chifukwa thupi liri ndi dzina yosiyaniranapo - ndicho, Khoti Loona za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1953. Kukhazikitsa malamulo a khoti ikuchitika yekha ndi ulemu ndi mayiko membala wa Convention kutetezela ufulu ndi kumasulika wofunikila.

Ulamuliro wa Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu ku Ulaya

European Court of Human Rights sapambana instantsionnym thupi liposa dongosolo lonse milandu ya Boma. Komabe, ngati ife Mwachitsanzo, ku Russia, yomwe ndi membala wa European Convention kutetezela ufulu ndi kumasulika wofunikila, chigamulo cha bwalo lonse aphatikizidwa dongosolo dziko malamulo zimabweretsa kuvomerezedwa. Pankhaniyi, mphamvu malamulo a zochita kuposa zochita normative wa Russian malamulo.

Pa nkhani ya kukwaniritsidwa kwa Court lonse za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe, kuti mbiri ya thupi ili sikukanakhala milandu si kukwaniritsidwa kwa zochita zake. Mu zosankha zake bwalo ali ndi ufulu mwachilungamo kukwaniritsa zofuna za maphwando ndi kukwaniritsa kuwonongeka, si pecuniary kuwonongeka ndi ndalama malamulo.

Zokwaniritsa kugonjera madandaulo kwa Court Mayiko za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

khoti analandira amadandaula kuti amuone, ayenera kukumana zinthu zofunikira ziwiri, akuti:

1. Mukhoza akudandaula okha kuyan'anila za ufulu ndi kumasulika amene monenetsa anapereka chifukwa mwa Convention. Sanaganizire ufulu nkhani yekha Kwalamulidwa yekha mu ndondomeko ya limati munthu. Choona chidwi ndi zina ufulu anafotokoza mu Convention ambiri States Zisangalalo ndi buku, koma mfundo imeneyi si kukusalani udindo kuphwanya kwawo.
2. Malinga ndi Article 34 la European Convention kutetezela ufulu ndi kumasulika wofunikila, khoti akhoza kulandira madandaulo kuchokela ku anthu ati, magulu a anthu ndi mabungwe omwe si kupeza phindu, amene maganizo awo, anali akuvutika siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo mwachindunji.

Khoti ali udindo wa gulu lapadziko lonse, choncho angathe kuthetsa munthu amene si nzika ya membala dziko la Mayiko a ku Ulaya. chikhalidwe china chofunika amadandaula kuti amuone ndi Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu n'chakuti munthu amataya njira zonse kuteteza ufulu wawo pa mlingo dziko, ndiyeno yekha ntchito ku bwalo lonse.

Mayiko chigamulo malonda

Lero, chidwi zapatsidwa kwa malonda chifukwa msika lonse ikusintha pafupifupi chachiwiri. Monga muzochitika ena onse a moyo wa munthu, ichinso akukangana kuti ayenera mwina kuzithetsa. Kuti tichite zimenezi, pali mayiko malonda chigamulo bwalo. Thupi ili ndi anakonzedwa kuthana ndi kuthetsa mikangano mwachindunji pakati pa zipani ndi zoletsedwa padziko lonse malonda. Pankhaniyi, anthu kapena zipani vutolo likhoza kukhala mabungwe chosiyana wachokera ku nyumba ya boma. Mayiko malonda Court ayenera siyanitsa ndi makhoti ena kuti kusankha mikangano mwachindunji pakati States.

Features a padziko lapansi chigamulo

Pamodzi ndi malonda chigamulo bwalo boma makhoti padziko lonse ndi njira yotchuka kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa zipani ndi mgwirizano, kugula, etc. Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kusankha chinthu chochititsa chidwi kwambiri a chiwindi, ndicho ..:

1. Akuphedwa zochita mayiko chigamulo - ndi nthawi yambiri ndi kusamvetsetsana. Pakali pano, palibe njira imodzi apereka chiweruzo cha thupi lonse lomwe kuti kwathunthu akuyendera mayiko onse. Izi chinthu zoipa zinthu zina, zimathandiza magulu kumwa ufulu wawo popanda chilolezo cha khoti.
2. Lonse Lalikulu la chigamulo amagwiritsa mfundo chinsinsi chimene chimalola kusunga chinsinsi kuchokela mkangano wawo onse.
3. Popeza chakuti Kuthi chigamulo mwina litenge kwa zaka, mtundu ili la kutetezedwa kwa ufulu awo amakhala ndi ndalama yapamwamba, makamaka kwa chithandizo cha zamalamulo ndi ndalama zina zofunika (wolembedwa ntchito yakulipidwa alangizi, maloya, ndi zina zotero. N.).
4. Lonse Lalikulu la chigamulo - thupi ndale kuti sudzapereka zokonda ndi chipani kapena vutolo.

Wachifwamba bwalo lonse

An yojambula zofunika m'munda wa chilungamo mayiko kukhazikitsidwa kwa khoti mayiko chigawenga. Mu Rome Malamulo (chikalata cha kholo thupi), Khoti Wachifwamba mayiko ndi kufuna kwa chikhalidwe padziko lonse chilungamo chigawenga. Mu yamtunduwu ake mwachindunji kuti mlandu awo amene achita upandu zotsatirazi: milandu nkhondo, kuphana analakwira anthu.

udindo Court

Khoti Wachifwamba mayiko ndi bungwe okhazikika, monga kuyenera kuwalozera Anatsegula milandu kuti ankaona milandu osiyana. Komanso, ICC - khoti osiyana, zochokera ku The Hague. Si m'gulu dongosolo la UN, ngakhale nthawi zina mwina kuyambitsa Kuthi pamaziko a ulaliki wa thupi. Nthawi anapanga pa ratification wa Rome Malamulo, umene uli ponseponse lero ntchito ku dera la mayiko 123. Pali mayiko ena amene sali m'gulu la ophunzira lamulo, koma kuthandiza mwachangu kugwiritsa ntchito bwalo lonse chigawenga ndi matupi ake structural. Mayiko ena zikuphatikizapo Russia.

Pomaliza

Pomaliza, tisaiwale kuti chilungamo mayiko - si okhawo nthambi yofunika ya ufulu lonse ambiri, komanso sitepe lofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko cha kukambirana pakati pa mitundu. Tiyeni ndikuyembekeza kuti posachedwapa nkhani zonse zofunika pakati pa maiko awiri Tidzakambirana matupi lonse.