Mwambo mayiko monga gwero la malamulo adziko lonse

mgwirizano wa mayiko pa nthawi zonse zinasinthika mosiyana. Kale waukulu "mphamvu" maonekedwe awo anali chiwawa, amene kumaonekera mu nkhondo mwankhanza koposa. Kenako, chikondi cha nkhondo zonse anakhala pang'onopang'ono exhausts palokha, chifukwa anthu anawaona zotsatira yowononga kwambiri. Kumene, nkhondo kuti silinathe kwathunthu, koma anayamba kupereka kuli patsogolo kuposa zokambirana malamulo. Pa mchitidwe yamasika, anakhala yang'anira waukulu ubale chikhalidwe, osati pankhani imeneyi kapena kuti dziko, komanso pakati pa mayiko.

Choncho, dziko uko kunali nthambi yeniyeni ya malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Today phunziro ake kulikonse. N'zosadabwitsa, chifukwa ali lathu othandiza. Ndi chifukwa cha kuli malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi pacts lonse, mapangano ndi mapangano pa nkhani zofunika kwambiri. nthambi Zimenezi zimathandiza kuti kukambirana pakati pa boma ndi akuluakulu. Komabe, pali zambiri zochititsa chidwi mwa malamulo adziko lonse lapansi, amene anaphunzira ndi olemba malamulo. nkhani zimenezi maganizo ndicho chikhalidwe cha mayiko malamulo monga gwero la malonda padziko lonse. Tikumbukenso kuti asayansi agawidwa mu malingaliro awo pa kuzindikira gulu ili ndi gwero linakhalapo konse. Choncho, nkhani kuyesa kudziwa mwambo padziko lonse, ndipo mukafufuze ngati n'zotheka kuzindikira gwero la dzina chomwecho mwa makampani malamulo.

Kodi malamulo adziko lonse lapansi?

mwambo mayiko monga gwero la malamulo adziko lonse akhoza kusanthula yekha malire a makampani dzina lomweli. M'pofunika kudziwa kuchuluka kwa malamulo ake zolimbana ndi mfundo zomwe zachokera.

Tikumbukenso kuti gawo ili ndi osiyana ndi madera malamulo kuti kulibe mwachindunji mu dongosolo dziko malamulo a dziko. Kulunjika unkagwiritsidwa kwenikweni kwa bwalo ubale amenewo, amene nthawi makampani padziko lonse. Ndi zinthu zonsezi, tinganene kuti malamulo adziko lonse lapansi - mndandanda wa malamulo enieni malamulo. Iwo zonse unagona akuwuka mu ndondomeko ya zimene zimachitika pakati pa limati ndi mabungwe transnational. M'mawu ena, lamulo mayiko ikuti ubale umene zinthu zakunja alipo.

Minda ya malamulo adziko lonse

Asayansi apeza zingapo "miyeso", amene akutukuka makampani padziko lonse. Pankhaniyi m'pofunika yakuti zoona, anapereka malangizo ena ali osiyana mu njira yake kuchuluka kwa lamulo malamulo. Iwo ndi ogwirizana yekha ndi chikhalidwe mayiko a kanthu. Choncho, madera awa:

• lamulo payekha lonse ;
• malamulo onse apadziko lonse lapansi;
• lamulo supranational, mwachitsanzo malamulo amene amayendetsa mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko.

Magwero a malamulo adziko lonse

Mayiko mwambo nthawi zambiri imatengedwa ngati gwero la makampani zogwirizana. Komabe, sikuti aliyense akumvetsa chimene magwero a malamulo ambiri. Taganizirani tanthauzo limeneli mwatsatanetsatane. Akuti magwero a lamulo la boma mayiko anatchula mitundu analipo a zikamera wa ntchito imeneyi. M'mawu ena, iwo akuimilira njira makamaka kwa ndikukhazikitsa malamulo. Monga ulamuliro, izi ndi malamulo achindunji. Tikumbukenso kuti tsiku komabe anayamba ufumu pakati pa magwero alipo ya malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo mapangano mayiko yabwino kwambiri kufotokoza. Komabe, iwo angakhale ndi zotsatira zokha pa limati membala, ndiye kumvera. Koma anapanga gulu la zinthu zonse pakalipano m'magulu awiri: pulayimale ndi sekondale. Gulu loyamba zikuphatikizapo:

• ndi pangano mayiko;
• mwambo mayiko;
• malamulo mabungwe transnational;
• konsekonse anazindikira mfundo malamulo.

Pankhani magwero wothandiza, awiri okha a iwo, ndicho chiphunzitso malamulo ndi zigamulo.

Poganizira mbali anapereka, tikhoza kunena kuti malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi zenizeni osati dera la lamulo ubale zogwirizana, komanso pa nkhani ya kapangidwe mkati. Tiyeni tione mfundo imeneyi mwatsatanetsatane. mwambo mayiko monga gwero la malamulo adziko lonse ntchito mu ntchito imeneyi zambiri kusiyana ndi malamulo a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. mtima umenewu anali kwaiye chifukwa chakuti kalasi anafotokoza ali ndi kuchuluka mokwanira lonse zolimbana. Iwo ayenera kumvetsa kuti aliyense boma anapanga mwini dziko dongosolo lawo malamulo, zomwe anthu ochepa mukufuna kusintha. Choncho, nthawi zambiri, mgwirizano wa mayiko zimatsatira miyambo monga ali yabwino, chifukwa chake "lightness normative." Ndipotu, si onse nkhani akuwuka pakati limati pali Mwachitsanzo, mgwirizano kapena kusankha mabungwe akuluakulu padziko lonse.

Akamanena za mwambo malamulo

Kuti tiyankhe funso kuti kodi mwambo padziko lonse, muyenera kumvetsa mfundo ina yofunika kwambiri. Ndicho, kodi mwambo malamulo ambiri. Pakati pake penipeni, mwambo wa chikhalidwe malamulo otchedwa malamulo mbiri maziko a khalidwe. Choncho, malamulo awa wamba lolamulira onse adadziwa, koma iwo sanali chinavomerezedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. Choncho, mchitidwe malamulo alibe zotsatira malamulo, monga Mwachitsanzo, lamulo kapena mgwirizano, anamaliza malinga ndi malamulo oyenera kutsata. Komabe, ndi kuwonjezeka mu ntchito ndi chiwerengero cha magawo awa, ena a iwo anali m'gulu malamulo anu malamulo. Koma mu nkhani iyi m'pofunika amatchula kuti mwambo wa mkangano pakati pa malamulo ndi mwambo Mwachitsanzo, malamulo adzakupatsani patsogolo gulu atsopano malamulo.

mwambo padziko lonse

Monga poyamba anasonyeza, gwero yeniyeni ya malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi zinthu mayiko malamulo. Pakati pake penipeni, iwo ukuchita monga analogue a dzina chimodzi modzi mu dongosolo dziko malamulo. Chachikulu kusiyana Tingaone mu ndondomeko ya mapangidwe ake. Motero, malamulo mchitidwe mayiko - mtundu winawake wa ulamuliro kuti wachita kale ntchito mu lamulo ubale malamulo pakati States. Pankhaniyi, n'loonadi malamulo a gwero amangonena za mabwenzi amene Sali kumatanthauza malamulo mapangano lonse. Ndizoonekeratu kuti malamulo mchitidwe mayiko - ndi ufumu wa njira kudziletsa zolimbana. Kuti ndi banal ufulu wa anthu anapatsidwa malamulo mphamvu.

Tikumbukenso kuti akatswiri ena apeza zotero m'nkhani gulu pakati zina za ufulu Interstate. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mwambo - ndiwo malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Mfundo imeneyi ndi olakwika kwambiri. Ndipotu, nthawi zambiri, miyambo iliyonse m'kati mogwirizana ndi mayiko kuoneka pokhapokha mapeto a mapangano ena. anagwirizana kutumikira ambirimbiri milandu, njira yaikulu yokonza mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko. Pankhaniyi, mwambo lapadziko lonse mwambo, amene anaonekera chifukwa cha zolakwa za zikalata pamwamba boma. Tidziwanso kuti miyambo - izo zikuchokera amafotokozera lonse la pangano.

Zizindikiro za mwambo padziko lonse

Mofanana ndi mavuto onse malamulo, malamulo mwambo padziko lonse ali mbali yake kuti kuwasiyanitsa ndi zosiyanasiyana lonse siyana monga iye. Zinthu zofunika ndi izi:

• Lilili okha mchitidwe wa anthu a nthambi padziko lonse ladziko;
• mchitidwe kale anatchula mfundo, ndiye limapezekanso pa zinthu zofanana;
• lamulo la makhalidwe ayenera kukhalira mu malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi kutalika kwa nthawi, ndiko kukhala muyeso;
• ufulu ayenera kuzindikira ndi anthu padziko lonse, anazindikira monga kuvomerezedwa kwa zisudzo ntchito.

Pali zokhudza malamulo kuti zonse ntchito ndipo kuli mwambo padziko lonse. Pa mlingo lonse mu chikalata ichi ndi 1969 Vienna Convention, ndipo dziko - ". Pa mapangano lonse la Chitaganya cha Russia" Chilamulo Federal Pali zinthu zina, zimene zalembedwa kamba kiyi siyana pansi kulingalira. Pamaziko a zida alipo amatha kusiyanitsa mitundu ina ya miyambo lonse. Mwachitsanzo, enshrined mu zida lonse , ndipo alipo malamulo.

Customs m'chilamulo payekha lonse

Iyo imayimba yofunika mwambo mayiko, gwero la IPL (mayiko Private Law). Nthawi zambiri malangizo ntchito imeneyi padziko lonse malamulo, iye anazindikira aakulu. Chotero mkangano sakhala wopanda maganizo. Ndipotu, malamulo payekha ndi dispositive makampani. zipani okha kudziwa khamu lawo la competences. Ngati kachitidwe dziko malamulo, nkhani imeneyi pang'ono olamulidwa ndi zochita malamulo, lamulo lonse la mabuku amenewa ndi ochepa kwambiri. Choncho, mwambo wa mayiko IPL ndi mtundu wa fixation anakhazikitsa miyambo m'kati kufotokoza ubale makamaka malamulo. Nthawi zina, miyambo MPP anakonza mgwirizano. Mmodzi wa awa ndi "maulendo panganoli" (maulendo), omwe anavomerezedwa mu Uruguay Round mu 1994.

Zitsanzo za khalidwe lonse la miyambo

Kuti timvetse mwatsatanetsatane funso udindo wa gulu milandu moyo wapoyera, m'pofunika kuti tisanthule zitsanzo za makhalidwe lonse. Pakali pano, ofanana ndi dziko kwambiri. Zitsanzo zotsatirazi:

1. malamulo adziko lonse mpweya ali mu kapangidwe kake malamulo yachibadwa. Mmodzi wa iwo ndi mfundo Malire a mayiko mu mlengalenga. Malinga ndi mwambo umenewu, ulamuliro wa fuko lirilonse kuyamba makilomita 110 kuchokera padziko lapansi.
2. Space lamulo amodzi mwambo amene amalola kuphwanya airspace malire ananena spacecraft Launch.
3. Malamulo ena mwambo kukhudza yekha pa zosayembekezereka mfundo zina ndi zinthu. Chotero, mwachitsanzo, ndi "malamulo a nkhondo," womwe zonse ndondomeko nkhondo padziko lonse lankhondo.
4. Mchikhalidwe Chilamulo Economic muli zinthu amavomereza gulu.

Motero, zitsanzo za makhalidwe mayiko akhoza kwambiri molondola ndi bwino udindo wa gwero la makampani padziko lonse malamulo.

Mapangidwe miyambo mayiko malamulo

Kugwiritsa mwambo padziko lonse N'zotheka pokhapokha mchitidwe weniweniwo mapangidwe ake. Isanafike kukhazikitsa limagwirira a chitukuko, iye Kungoti palibe analola ulamuliro. Popeza chakuti mwambo mayiko - Ndipotu, chinavomerezedwa ndi mwambo, dongosolo la mapangidwe gwero motere:

1. Choyamba lamulo la makhalidwe ndi zogwirizana pakati pa nzika za malamulo adziko lonse lapansi. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ayenera kuzindikira miyambo lamulo kuvomerezedwa, umene kenako kumwedwa popanda yekha.
2. Gawo lachiwiri ndi chilolezo mwachindunji. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mwambo amamangiriridwa mphamvu kwenikweni malamulo, chifukwa cha chilolezo cha anthu padziko lonse. Ziri akamalankhula amakhazikitsa udindo linalephera.

Mayiko mwambo chikutanthauza akhoza wasonyeza kotheratu zosiyanasiyana. Izi zikhoza kukhala makalata limati, zochita zawo yogwira kapena kuleka machitidwe awo a m'buku, amene kusainira, etc.

Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mfundo za chikhalidwe kusiyana kwambiri pa malamulo. Mbali zofanana kwenikweni akuwonetseredwa mu chakuti zinthu za mwambo wa mayiko kungoti palibe, monga zotsutsana ndi malamulo wamba. Choncho kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo wamba zayamba zovuta mbali mofanana.

Lamulo lapadziko lonse

Today anapanga ambiri miyambo lonse kuti zonse unagona ena mu dziko. ntchito zawo si imayenera kokha, komanso womasuka. Ndipo ngakhale kutenga nkhani yakuti ntchito za mwambo weniweni pokhapokha chilolezo. Ndipotu, kupereka mphamvu malamulo ponseponse mwachizolowezi kungakhale mofulumira kuposa kupanga wapadera lamulo lonse, monga mgwirizano. Koma nthawi zina pamakhala mavuto ndi ntchito malamulo chikhalidwe. Mwachitsanzo, nthawi zambiri mwambo ndi chizolowezi lonse, zili weniweni, zayamba osiyana. M'mawu ena, mwambo amakhala ntchito. Pankhaniyi, pali mavuto ambiri mu ndondomeko ya malamulo ubale ena.

Koma, anapatsidwa chiwerengero chachikulu anapereka magwero pepala, iwo anapanga mbali yapadera ya lamulo lotchedwa lamulo la zakakhalidwe lonse. Pakali pano, padziko gulu ili pali zambiri mtsutso, kuyambira asayansi sindikudziwa ndendende zimene malamulo kuti monga izo. Komanso, ndi lamulo la zakakhalidwe mayiko wamasulidwa posachedwapa, zimene zimapangitsa kuti zonse zatsopano azimuth.

Choncho, m'nkhani ife anayambitsa mfundo ndi mwambo padziko lonse. Ikufotokozedwanso anali mbali kiyi wa konkuno. Nkhani ya miyambo ya mayiko akadali nkhani apakhungu mu machitidwe ndi kuphunzira malamulo. Ndipotu, ambiri momveka bwino malamulo adziko lonse ambiri, anayamba chitukuko m'chiyambi cha XX atumwi. Chotero, ena mwa madalitso ake adakali opanda ungwiro. Choncho kwambiri ongolankhula kumvetsa malamulo adziko lonse lapansi ndi zigawo zake payekha adzapanga yojambula, osati lamulo, komanso Sinthani ndi asapita amgwirizano.