Kodi cytoplasm maselo. Features ya kapangidwe ka cytoplasm ndi

Amadziwika kuti kwambiri zamoyo ndi lopangidwa ndi madzi ufulu kapena womangidwa mawonekedwe ndi 70 peresenti kapena kuposerapo. Kodi zimatenga kwambiri kumene isanafalikire? Iwo likukhalira, mukachipinda mu dongosolo lake lili 80% madzi, ndi kokha yotsala kukhala nkhani youma.

Ndipo waukulu "madzi" kapangidwe ali basi cytoplasm selo. Izi ndi zovuta, sakanikira wodalirika chilengedwe mkati, ndi mbali ya kapangidwe ndi ntchito anachita ndi amene tinakumana nawo pa.

protoplast

mawu amenewa amatanthauza zili mumtima onse a dongosolo lililonse mphindi eukaryotic, wosiyana ndi madzi a m'magazi nembanemba wa inayo "anzake". Ndiko kuti, apa akulowa cytoplasm - chilengedwe mkati mwa selo, organelles, izo ili, phata ndi nucleoli ndiponso chuma chibadwa.

Kodi organelles zili mkati cytoplasm chiyani? Ali:

• ribosomes;
• mitochondria;
• EPS;
• Golgi zida;
• lysosomes;
• selo kusinthitsa ;
• vacuoles (zomera ndi bowa);
• pakati khungu;
• plastids (zomera);
• cilia ndi michirayo imakhala yosiyanasiyana;
• microfilaments;
• microtubules.

Zokhala anapambulwa karyotheca, ndi nucleoli ndi tinthu DNA mulinso maselo cytoplasm. Pakati mu nyama, ku khoma - zomera.

Choncho, maonekedwe a cytoplasm dongosolo kudzadalira makamaka mtundu wa khungu ku chamoyo yokha, adzaupereka kwa chigawo cha zamoyo. Ambiri, izo zimatengera onse malo alipo mkati ndi chiwerengero cha ntchito zofunika kwambiri.

Masanjidwewo kapena hyaloplasm

Kapangidwe ka cytoplasm selo wapangidwa makamaka kuimira ake m'magulu awiri:

• hyaloplasm - zonse madzi gawo;
• organelles;
• kulolerana - variable dongosolo.

Masanjidwewo kapena hyaloplasm - ndi chigawo chachikulu cha mkati, zimenezi limati awiri - phulusa ndi gel osakaniza.

Cytosol - ngati cytoplasm a khungu kuti ali ndi madzi khalidwe akaphatikiza. Tsitogel - chinthu chomwecho, koma kwambiri wandiweyani, wolemera mu mamolekyulu lalikulu zinthu organic, chikhalidwe. Wonse mipweya ndi thupi katundu hyaloplasm anafotokoza motere:

• colorless, viscous colloidal chuma, mokwanira wakuda ndi slimy;
• ali zosiyanasiyana bwino bungwe structural Komabe, chifukwa kuyenda mosavuta kusintha;
• cytoskeleton mkati ankaimira microtrabecular kapena grating amene anapanga chifukwa filaments mapuloteni (microfilaments ndi microtubules);
• pa mbali ya latisi ndi ili mbali structural onse selo wonse, ndi chifukwa zida microtubule Golgi ndi XPS therebetween mwa uthenga hyaloplasm amapezeka.

Choncho, hyaloplasm - gawo lofunika, amene amathandiza ntchito zambiri cytoplasm selo.

The zikuchokera cytoplasm ndi

Ngati ife kulankhula za mipweya, chiwerengero cha madzi cytoplasm nkhani pafupifupi 70%. Izi mtengo ambiri chifukwa ena zomera ndi maselo imene mpaka 90-95% ya madzi. Thunthu youma ndi:

• mapuloteni;
• chakudya;
• phospholipids;
• mafuta ndi zina asafe munali organic mankhwala;
• electrolytes (mchere);
• inclusions mu mawonekedwe a m'malovu a glycogen (maselo nyama) ndi zinthu zina.

Wonse chilengedwe mankhwala anachita - zamchere kapena ofooka zamchere. Ngati tikambirana monga selo cytoplasm, tisaiwale Mbali imeneyi. Part anasonkhana mphepete, m'dera la Kakhungu plasma, wotchedwa ectoplasm. Gawo lina lolunjika kuyandikira karyotheca, lili ndi dzina la endoplasmic.

Kapangidwe ka cytoplasm selo anatsimikiza ndi nyumba wapadera - microtubules ndi microfilaments, kotero iwo tione.

microtubules

Mphako yaing'ono particles elongated wa ku micrometers angapo. Awiri - pa 6 ndi 25 nm. Chifukwa nayenso zochepa ntchito amphumphu succinct kuphunzira nyumba izi si koma n'zotheka Komabe, amasonyeza kuti malinga awo linapangidwa ndi wothandizila mapuloteni tubulin. pawiri uyu ali helically anapotoza amangiriridwe molekyulu.

Ena ntchito mu cytoplasm selo anachita chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa microtubules. Mwachitsanzo, iwo nawo pachilengedwe cha maselo makoma a bowa ndi zomera, ena mabakiteriya. Maselo nyama, iwo ali ang'onoang'ono kwambiri. Komanso, nyumba izi ikuchitika kayendedwe ka organelles mu cytoplasm lapansi.

Paokha, ndi microtubules ndi wosakhazikika, akhoza mofulumira apasuke ndi kukonzanso mawonekedwe, kusinthidwa nthawi.

microfilaments

zinthu zokwanira zofunika cytoplasm lapansi. Kodi filaments yaitali akitini (globular mapuloteni), amene zapiringizana ndi mzake, kupanga maukonde ofanana - cytoskeleton. dzina lina - microtrabecular grille. Mtundu uwu wa dongosolo mbali ya cytoplasm lapansi. Inde, chifukwa cytoskeleton ngati akugwirizira pamodzi organelles onse mosavuta kulankhulana wina ndi mzake, iwo kudutsa vuto ndi tizidutswa ikuchitika kagayidwe.

Komabe amadziwika kuti cytoplasm - mkati chilengedwe selo, chomwe nthawi zambiri amatha kusintha deta awo thupi kukhala madzi ambiri kapena viscous, kapangidwe kusintha (kusintha kwa Sol kuti gel osakaniza ndi mosemphanitsa). Mu izi mogwirizana microfilaments - zazikulu, labile moiety amatha mofulumira kumangidwanso, kusinthidwa, apasuke ndi kukonzanso mawonekedwe.

nembanemba plasma

Zofunika maselo ndi kukhalapo kwa bwino anayamba ndi bwino kugwira ntchito kwa nyumba zambiri Kakhungu, amenenso ndi mtundu wa dongosolo mbali cytoplasm lapansi. Ndi kupyolera mwa madzi Kakhungu mamolekyulu chotchinga zoyendera zikachitika, zakudya ndi mankhwala kagayidwe, mipweya kwa njira kupuma ndi zina zotero. N'chifukwa chake ambiri organelles awa ali eg.

Iwo, monga maukonde ili cytoplasm ndi delimit zili mumtima wa eni mzake, kwa chilengedwe. Kupewa ndi kuteteza ndi zinthu osafunika ndi mabakiteriya kuti loopsa.

Kapangidwe ka ambiri a iwo ndi ofanana - chitsanzo madzi-zithunzi, uliwonse wa plasmalemma monga biosloy lipids chinamulowerera mamolekyulu osiyana mapuloteni.

Popeza cytoplasm ntchito mu chipinda - loyamba ndi maulalo onse zoyendera pakati pa ziwalo zake zonse, pamaso pa nembanemba wa organelles mu unyinji ndi chimodzi mwa structural mbali hyaloplasm. Zovuta, onse pamodzi, iwo amagwira ntchito ambiri kuonetsetsa selo viability.

ribosomes

Wochepa (20 nm) nyumba ozungulira wapangidwa amachepetsa awiri - kagawo kakang'ono. amachepetsa awa akhoza kukhalapo limodzi kapena sakukhudzidwa nthawi iliyonse. Base zikuchokera: rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid) ndi mapuloteni. Main ribosome kutanthauzira muchipindachi:

• phata ndi nucleolus, kumene subunits okha anapanga pa DNA;
• cytoplasm - ndi ribosomes ali potsiriza anapanga mu dongosolo limodzi akulumikiza amachepetsa;
• Kakhungu phata ndi endoplasmic reticulum - iwo ribosomal mapuloteni apanga ndi mwachindunji kutumiza mkati organelles;
• mitochondria ndi chloroplasts la zomera maselo okha lithe ribosome yokha mwa thupi ndipo amatuluka mapuloteni, ndiye chikutanthauza kulibe paokha.

Ntchito ya nyumba awa ali mu kaphatikizidwe ndi khamu la macromolecules mapuloteni kuti ntchito pa ntchito yofunika kwambiri ya maselo.

Endoplasmic reticulum ndi zida Golgi

A maukonde lalikulu tubules, tubules ndi vesicles kupanga dongosolo kuchititsa mwa selo ndi ili pafupi voliyumu ya cytoplasm imatchedwa ndi reticulum endoplasmic, kapena reticulum. Ntchito yake limafanana ndi kapangidwe ka - kupeleka interconnection pakati organelles ndi tizidutswa michere zoyendera organelles.

Golgi zida, kapena chipangizo, amachita ntchito ya wambirimbiri zinthu chofunika (chakudya, mafuta, mapuloteni) mu njira yapadera cavities. Iwo asamagwiritse nembanemba cytoplasmic. Komanso, ndi organelle ndi malo kaphatikizidwe wa mafuta ndi chakudya.

Peroxisomes ndi lysosomes

Lysosomes - yaing'ono nyumba ozungulira chokhala ndi thovu wodzazidwa ndi madzi. Iwo achuluka kwambiri ndipo anagawira mu cytoplasm, kumene maselo kusuntha mkati momasuka. ntchito yaikulu - pa kuvunda kwa particles yachilendo, ndiye kuwonongedwa kwa "adani" mu mawonekedwe a mbali akufa nyumba ma, mabakiteriya ndi tinthu ena.

Nkhani madzi a machulukitsidwe enzyme, chifukwa lysosomes ali nawo pogawanikana pamawere wa macromolecules magawo awo monomeric.

Peroxisomes - yaing'ono chowulungika kapena wozungulira organelles ndi Kakhungu limodzi. Anadzazidwa ndi nkhani madzi chikukhudza ambiri michere osiyana. Iwo ali mmodzi wa ogula akuluakulu a oxygen. Ntchito yake imagwiridwa malingana ndi mtundu selo imene pali. Zotheka kwa kaphatikizidwe wa myelin m'chimake ulusi mitsempha, ndiponso mukhoza kuchita makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndipo neutralization wa poizoni ndi tizidutswa osiyana.

mitochondria

nyumba Awa analibe kanthu wotchedwa mphamvu (mphamvu) wa okwerera cha ndende. Ndi mu mapangidwe mphamvu yaikulu - mamolekyulu wa adenosine triphosphate kapena ATP. Maonekedwe amafanana nyemba. Nembanemba zikuthamangathamanga ndi mitochondria ku cytoplasm ndi awiri. Kapangidwe Internal kwambiri zilimba zake kuonjezera pamwamba ATP kaphatikizidwe. Makutu zimatchedwa crista muli yambiri michere zosiyana catalyze kaphatikizidwe wa.

mitochondria kwambiri ndi maselo minofu mu matupi a zinyama ndi anthu, chifukwa amafuna yokonza mkulu ndi mowa mphamvu.

chodabwitsa cyclosis

Movement wa cytoplasm mu chipinda amatchedwa cyclosis. Iwo wapangidwa ndi mitundu ingapo:

• oscillatory;
• makina kapena zozungulira;
• struychatoe.

Kagulu kalikonse m'pofunika kupereka angapo ntchito zofunika za cytoplasm kuti: kayendedwe wodzala organelles mkati hyaloplasm, yunifolomu kuwombola zakudya, mipweya, mphamvu metabolites excretion.

Cyclosis amapezeka zomera ndi nyama maselo onse, ndi opanda kuchotserapo. Ngati mabasi, thupilo limafa. Choncho, ndondomeko - izo ndi chizindikiro cha zamoyo.

Choncho, tinganene kuti cytoplasm wa nyama maselo, kubzala mbewu eukaryotic iliyonse - zazikulu kwambiri, moyo dongosolo.

Mosiyana ndi cytoplasm maselo nyama ndi zomera

Ndipotu, osiyana pang'ono. Angamulambirire dongosolo, ntchito anachita zofanana kwathunthu. Komabe, kusiyana alipobe. Mwachitsanzo:

• The cytoplasm selo mbewu lili microtubules kwambiri, zomwe zimakhudzidwa mapangidwe maselo makoma awo kuposa microfilaments. Nyama, m'malo mwake.
• inclusions ma mu cytoplasm zomera ndi wowuma mbewu, nyama pamene ilo ligwa glycogen.
• Selo chomera amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa organelles kuti palibe nyama. Iwo plastids, vacuole ndi mpanda selo.

M'mbali zina, nyumba azigwirizana mu kapangidwe ndi kapangidwe ka cytoplasm lapansi. Siyana kuchuluka limasonyeza wina mchitidwe, koma pamaso pawo n'kofunika. Choncho, phindu cytoplasm selo zomera ndi nyama Amachitanso lalikulu.

Udindo wa cytoplasm mu selo

Mtengo wa cytoplasm mu khungu ndi wamkulu, sizikutanthauza kuti imalongosola. Pambuyo maziko, ndilo kumene nyumba zonse zofunika, kotero kuti Musaone udindo wake ndi kovuta. N'zotheka kupanga mfundo zofunika zochepa zosonyeza phindu.

1. Kuti umabweretsa pamodzi zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za maselo mu dongosolo limodzi Integrated kuti amachita njira ya moyo mogwirizana ndi gulu.
2. Chifukwa gawo la madzi muchipindachi cytoplasm sing'anga amagwira ntchito kwa zovuta ankachita ambiri amuzolengedwa ndi kusinthika thupi zinthu (glycolysis, chakudya, mafuta kuwombola).
3. Ichi ndi zazikulu "chidebe" chapangitsa kuti organelles cha ndende.
4. Chifukwa microfilaments ndi machubu imagwiritsidwa cytoskeleton, organelles kumanga ndikulora iwo kuti muziyendayenda.
5. Iwo anaikira mu cytoplasm angapo a catalysts kwachilengedwenso - michere, popanda imene palibe anachita amuzolengedwa.

Kuti adzimvera, ufunika zotsatirazi. Ntchito ya cytoplasm mu selo pafupifupi makiyi, chifukwa - maziko a njira zonse za moyo ndi chilengedwe cha gawo lapansi kwa zochita.