Mpweya umene - mpweya buluu. Katundu ndi ntchito mpweya. Mpweya umene mu mlengalenga

Mpweya umene - mpweya. Mosiyana ndi ena ambiri, iye si mandala, ndipo ali ndi mtundu chosiyana ndi ngakhale fungo. Mwa mlengalenga mwathu ndipo ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zake zofunika kwambiri. ndi osalimba a ozoni, misa ndi zina zimene? ntchito ka moyo wa dziko lapansi n'chiyani?

gasi buluu

Kapangidwe ka Mpweya umene si mpando tebulo nthawi. Ichi ndi chifukwa si chinthu. Mpweya umene - izo allotropic kusinthidwa kapena kusuntha oxygen. Monga D2, molekyulu ake imakhala yokha ya mpweya koma sakutero awiri, koma atatu. Choncho, zikuwoneka ngati mankhwala chilinganizo O3.

Mpweya umene mpweya ndi buluu. Iwo ali bwino noticeable Fungo lamphamvu lamankhwala fungo, amatikumbutsa chlorine, ngati ndende ndi okwera kwambiri. Kodi mukukumbukira fungo la kutsitsimuka pa mvula? Izi ndi Mpweya umene. Chifukwa malo awa, ndipo nalo dzina lake, chifukwa wakale Greek chinenero "Mpweya umene" - ndi "fungo".

Gasi molekyulu maatomu kumalo ozizira m'menemo ogwirizana pa makona a 116,78 °. Mpweya umene amapangidwa pamene molekyulu O2 amamangiriridwa ku mpweya ufulu. Izi zimachitika pa zochita zosiyanasiyana, monga makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa phosphorous, kumaliseche magetsi kapena kuwonongeka peroxides imene maatomu ndi mpweya ndi kuchotsedwa.

katundu wa ozoni

M'mikhalidwe wabwinobwino, pali Mpweya umene mu mpweya ndi kulemera maselo pafupifupi 48 g / mol. Iye diamagnetic, kuti sangathe kukopeka ndi maginito, monga siliva, golide kapena asafe. Mpweya umene kachulukidwe ndi 2,1445 g / dm³.

Mu boma olimba Mpweya umene umakhala buluu wakuda, madzi - enaake mtundu pafupi wofiirira. Otentha mfundo iyi ndi 111,8 madigiri Celsius. Pa kutentha madigiri ziro ndi sungunuka m'madzi (chokha choyera) kakhumi bwino oxygen. Ndi bwino wosanganiza ndi madzi methane, asafe, fluorine, argon, ndi akamaziwononga ndi oxygen.

Mu zochita za ambiri mwa catalysts mosavuta oxidized, pamene kugogomeza ufulu mpweya maatomu. Polumikiza naye, pomwepo akayaka. thunthu angathe oxidizing pafupifupi onse zitsulo. Iwo sakudziwa zingawathandize kanthu ake okha pulatinamu ndi golide. Iye udzaononga zosiyanasiyana organic ndi zonunkhira pawiri. Pambuyo kukhudzana ammonia imagwiritsidwa nitrite ammonium zawonongeka mpweya awiri kumangigwa.

Kupezeka mu m'banja woipa mkulu, Mpweya umene linawola zokha. Izi akumasula kutentha anapanga molekyulu O2. The apamwamba ndende, m'pamenenso zimene kutentha. Pamene zili Mpweya umene ndi wamkulu kuposa 10% ndi limodzi mwa kuphulika. Ndi kuwonjezeka kutentha ndi kuchepetsa kuthamanga kapena pa kukhudzana ndi zipangizo organic ndi msanga kuwonongeka kwa O3.

History of anapeza

Mu umagwirira, Mpweya umene sankadziwika kuti m'zaka XVIII. Ndinazindikira kuti mu 1785 chifukwa fungo, zimene wasayansi Van Marum anamva pamene makina electrostatic. Ngakhale zaka 50 pambuyo mpweya sizinayambe mu umboni ndi kafukufuku.

Scientist Kristian Shonbeyn mu 1840 ankaphunzira makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa phosphorous woyera. Pa zatsopano, iye anatha kuzindikira chinthu chosadziwika, amene adayitana "Mpweya umene". Zamankhwala kwambiri chinkhoswe mu phunziro la katundu wake, ndi njira yopangira mafuta atangotulukiridwa kumene.

Posachedwapa kufufuza nkhaniyo ndipo anagwirizana asayansi ena. Wotchuka wa sayansi Nikola Tesla ngakhale anamanga yoyamba m'mbiri ya jenereta ozoni. Industrial ntchito O3 idayamba mochedwa XIX atumwi, mkubwela kwa makhazikitsidwe Woyamba kupereka madzi akumwa kunyumba. thunthu ntchito disinfection.

Mpweya umene mu mlengalenga

Dziko lathu wazunguliridwa ndi chipolopolo wosaoneka kwa mpweya - m'mlengalenga. Popanda moyo padziko lapansi zidzakhala zosatheka. Kunja zigawo: mpweya, ozoni, asafe, wa hydrogen, methane ndi mpweya wina.

Mpweya umene palokha kulibe ndipo pali chifukwa cha zochita mankhwala. Pafupi padziko lapansi izo aumbike chifukwa magetsi mphezi patachitika namondwe mphezi. Zobwera njira zikuoneka chifukwa mpweya kuchokera magalimoto, mafakitale, nthunzi mafuta, matenthedwe zomera mphamvu alipo.

Ground mlingo ozoni otchedwa tropospheric kapena pansi mlingo. Pali stratospheric. Ndi chifukwa cha ultraviolet kutentha kwa dzuwa. Iwo apangidwa pa mtunda wa makilomita 19-20 pamwamba pa lathuli ndipo amawachitira kutalika kwa makilomita 25-30.

The stratospheric ozoni O3 ndipamene dziko, amene amateteza izo kwa amphamvu cheza dzuwa. Iwo zimatenga 98% cheza ultraviolet kukhala timaganiza zokwanira pakutchulidwa a khansa amayaka.

Kugwiritsa thunthu

Mpweya umene - izo ndi oxidant kwambiri ndi wowonongayo. katundu anali kuwagwiritsa ntchito kuyeretsa madzi akumwa. ingafooketse thunthu zoipa mabakiteriya anthu ndi mavairasi, ndipo pamene makutidwe ndi okosijeni yokha n'kukhala mpweya zabwinobwino.

Iye amatha kupha ngakhale kugonjetsedwa ndi zamoyo chlorine. Komanso, ntchito kuyeretsa madzi ogwiritsidwa ntchito mafuta zachilengedwe zoipa, sulfides, phenols, etc. Zochitika zimenezi sizachilendo makamaka US ndi mayiko ena a ku Ulaya.

Mpweya umene ntchito mankhwala tizirombo pa zipangizo makampani mothandizidwa ndi pepala nsaluzi zinkangokhala, mafuta bwino ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Ntchito O3 kuyeretsa mpweya, madzi ndi malo otchedwa ozonation.

Mpweya umene ndi anthu

Ngakhale kuti katundu opindulitsa, Mpweya umene zingakhale zowopsa anthu. Ngati mpweya mu mlengalenga adzakhala kuposa munthu akhoza kukhala ndi mavuto, poizoni n'zosapeŵeka. Mu Russian mlingo wake kololeka wa 0,1 g / L.

Pamwamba kuti malamulo kuoneka zizindikiro ankaikira mankhwala poizoni, monga mutu, kuyabwa, chizungulire. Mpweya umene kumachepetsa opatsirana kudzera airway kukaniza matenda ndiponso Sachita magazi. Pamene mpweya ndende pamwamba 9,8 mg / L n'zotheka m'mapapo mwanga edema ngakhale imfa.

Pa nthawi yomweyo kuzindikira Mpweya umene mu mlengalenga mwachilungamo mosavuta. Fungo "kutsitsimuka", chloro kapena "khansa" (monga momwe kwanenedwera Mendeleev) ndi bwino lomveka zili otsika zinthu.