Kodi dongosolo banki dziko la: kapangidwe, ntchito, chitukuko

Kachitidwe banki - ya kulamulira ndi ngongole mabungwe amene ntchito pansi limagwirira limodzi. Mbali yaikulu ndi Bank of Russia (CBR). Zocitika za dongosolo lonse malamulo "Pa Banks ndi banki Ntchito".

mitundu

Akamanena za dongosolo banki, cholinga cha chilengedwe ake ali kudzikundikira ndalama zochuluka ndi m'zigawo za phindu kudzera ndalama. Zimenezi ikuchitika misinkhu angapo.

Mitundu kachitidwe:

• duplex;
• monobankovskaya;
• decentralized dongosolo.

Mu maiko otukuka, dongosolo ziwiri gawo. Iwo amakhala ndi kukhalapo kwa yang'anira mu umunthu wa Bank ku Central ndi kumvera mabungwe ngongole malonda mu mlingo wachiwiri. Koma pali kuchotserapo. Mu France, ntchito Mtsogoleri amachita Ministry of Finance. Kumvetsela ku iye onse mabanki, kuphatikizapo Bank wa Central. The US dongosolo ake decentralized, imene ntchito yaikulu ya Federal Reserve System. Pa nthawi Soviet anachita monobankovskaya chiwembu. Tiyeni tiwone momwe dongosolo banki ya dziko lero.

yang'anira

The Bank chapakati la Chitaganya cha Russia analengedwa mu mawonekedwe a bungwe lalamulo, koma alibe lamulo ndipo osati malamulo ndi akuluakulu a msonkho. Iwo akhoza kumupatsa ndalama, kutapa iwo, kumasuka banknotes latsopano. Phindu bungwe lotsogozedwa mapangidwe nkhokwe, ndalama kunditumiza ku bajeti. Magwero a ndalama:

• benefiti pa magawo;
• ndalama chiwongoladzanja pa ngongole ndi madipoziti;
• phindu pa ntchito ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, ufulu mgwirizano sheya zina, ndipo ena.

Zolinga ntchito ndi:

• gulu la dongosolo banki;
• kuonetsetsa zopezera ndalama national (mphamvu kugula Maphunzirowa);
• kuonetsetsa imayenera dongosolo ntchito.

zida:

• chiwerengero cha ntchito Bank a ku Central;
• amafuna malo;
• refinancing;
• kuwombola ulamuliro;
• lathu kukula ndalama.

Mu malamulo, ndi ovomerezeka likulu la yang'anira ndipo katundu wake ena feduro katundu. The Bank of Russia yekha kutaya iwo. Boma Bank ku Central amachititsa ngongole ya mnzake.

Limba wamkulu wa Bank ku Central - ndi bodi, amene amasankha malangizo a m'banja. Amakhala ndi mpando ndi mamembala 12 a Bank wa Central. Bank ya Republic, amene Kupititsa yang'anira nthambi sangakhoze apereke ukutitsimikizira, kudzipereka popanda chilolezo Board.

Banks ali m'magulu awiri akuluakulu: mabungwe malonda ndi mabungwe ngongole sanali banki. Apa mmene kumanga dongosolo banki dziko mu mlingo woyamba.

makampani

Cholinga cha kuli mabungwe ngongole - ndi kupeza phindu. Kuchita zinthu ayenera kupeza chilolezo kuchokera yang'anira lapansi. mabungwe akhoza analengedwa zosiyanasiyana katundu: pagulu, mabungwe, boma, etc ...

Banks ali ndi ufulu kugwira ntchito zotsatirazi:

• kukopa miyala ya anthu ndi mabungwe alamulo;
• kuonetsetsa ndalama m'malo ake;
• agwire kuwerengetsera m'malo mwa lachitatu maphwando;
• agwire ntchito deta;
• kupeza;
• kutsegula ndi kukhalabe nkhani;
• mucite ukutitsimikizira ndi zina zotero. d.

Banks akhoza kubwereka Chrixitu, achite kuwerengetsera kudzera nkhani lolingana ndi kudzapereka wotuluka sawombana ndi lamulo. mabungwe Mawu a padziko lonse ndi okonzeka kupereka makasitomala za mitundu 200 misonkhano. Koma Chilamulo "Pa Banks ndi banki Ntchito" woyikidwa loletsa anayi a iwo: malonda, mafakitale, inshuwalansi, okhawo. Pansi iwowa amanena kuti ntchito umalimbana muzingochita mpikisano.

A bungwe ngongole sangathe yokha kusintha mitengo pa ngongole, madipoziti, mawu a mgwirizano. Pa ndalama ndi phindu makasitomala akhoza kugwidwa mwa bwalo. Zilango anapangidwa kokha pamaziko a zikalata wamkulu, ndi katundu - pa maziko amene analowa mphamvu ya bwalo chigamulo.

nonbanks

Izi mabungwe ngongole kuti amachita mitundu ina ya ntchito. Zikuphatikizapo gulu la:

• ngongole kwambiri;

• kasungidwe makhalidwe;

• kugulitsa katundu cikole.

Mafunso mmene kumanga dongosolo banki dziko la lero, tikhoza kunena kuti tichipeza magulu atatu. Kuwonjezera Bank ku Central ndi makampani mu kusokonekera kwa ndalama nawo kampani ya inshuwalansi, chuma ndi penshioni ndalama, magulu ena a zachuma. Apa mmene kumanga dongosolo banki la dzikolo.

mfundo za ntchito

1. Ntchito mwa zinthu zomwe zilipo, kwenikweni. Chidwi ndalama pa ngongole ndi madipoziti ndicho koma si gwero la phindu banki. M'madera inflationary, m'dera kopindulitsa kwambiri ndi malonda malonda akhalire. Bank likulu amalimbikitsa chabe. Izi zikachitika, kulera ikuchitika pamaziko a ndalama leni anamuukitsa.
2. Udindo ntchito. Dongosolo banki la zachuma lomwe lili ntchito zofunika - kuti redistribute ndalama pakati pa zigawo. mabungwe ngongole ndi ufulu wosankha makasitomala awo ndi madera ndalama. Koma onse mabanki akwaniritse udindo wa ankaganiza kudzera zawo mwina chokhwima chilango.
3. Organization ubale makasitomala pa zinthu msika. Kupereka ngongole kwa Bank chimatsogoleredwa ndi zizindikiro za liquidity, profitability ndi chiopsezo.
4. Lamulo la zochitika ikuchitika potsatira njira yozungulira. State ndi malamulo zochita kupanga maziko a ntchito, koma sangaumirize mawu ndi ntchito.

Banki ndi chuma lero

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mabungwe ngongole amakonda chilungamo. Dziwitsani umisiri wamakono (machitidwe malipiro banki, makhadi banki kasitomala-T. H.), Zosiyanasiyanazo ngongole. Koma mawu zachuma mlingo wa chitukuko cha dongosolo mu Russia lags kumbuyo dziko.

Mu dongosolo la makampani ndalama gwero gawo laling'ono la ngongole - 8-10% (Japan - 65%, EU - 42-45%, USA - 40%). Nkhani banki ndi 25% Russia, ndi khadi pulasitiki amagwiritsa 10 okha%. Ku mayiko a azungu, pafupifupi anthu onse azaka zoposa 18 ali nkhani ndipo makhadi 1-2.

Funso machulukitsidwe dera amakhalabe ntchito pachimake. Waukulu Russian dongosolo banki ndi anaikira mu malo matauni. Kuti tipeze kubweza kapena ngongole galimoto m'mbali kumpoto ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko angakhoze kokha boma akumeneko mabanki.

Chifukwa mlingo wochepa wa chitukuko cha dongosolo ndi izi:

• boma sapereka chidwi kwa gawo lino;
• mlingo wochepa wa monetization cha chuma;
• zomangamanga osauka ntchito banki;
• ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha malipiro ndalama zimene zimagwiridwa kunja dongosolo banki;
• kusowa chitetezo chokwanira ku boma.

"Bankopad» 2015

National banki System ngati 01.01.2016 zikuphatikizapo 681 bungwe ngongole. Mwalamulo mabungwe 947, koma 266 wa iwo lakana chilolezo. Poyerekeza ndi 2015, chiwerengero cha mabanki zochepa mayunitsi 102. Akatswiri akuganiza kuti zaka 2-3 chithunzi ichi adzaleka mpaka 500.

Ngakhale vutoli, mlingo wa 'kuyeretsa' gawo si anagwa. The loudest mu chaka chathachi wakhala review chiphatsocho pa "Transport" omwe sanali malamulo feduro. Voliyumu ya malipiro okayikitsa Akuti pa mbiri biliyoni 39 rubles.

chiwerengero cha mabanki ku Russia kuposa zofuna za boma. Pafupifupi 96% zokhudza dziko ali anagwirizana mabungwe pamwamba 200. The gawo la mabungwe ang'onoang'ono akadali 481 kugwa 3.5% ya chuma. Bola ngati mmene chuma chikuyendera si bwino, pa gombe ang'ono ndi mavuto ndi liquidity ndi kukhazikitsa mfundo. Mungasankhe kuthana awiri okha: kugulitsa katundu kapena kupita kukonzanso.

N'zovuta kupeza ndalama

Banks pofuna kukhala mu msika, kwambiri. Komanso ogula. vuto ndi kuti ndalama masomphenya a mbali zonse zimasiyanasiyana. Utatha chiwerengero cha ziletso ndalama Western nthawi zonse ikuchepa. Tsopano akufunafuna mwamuna mu Middle East ndi Far misika.

Ntchito ya dongosolo banki Kungakhalenso likuvutika mabungwe 300. Gulu la wachinai mu kusanja mazana a ukapolo, timatumikira chiwerengero cha antchito omwe siaboma. M'lingaliro lenileni iwo kuchita zinthu kubanki.

Zotsatira za 2015

Onse chaka chatha, magombe ndayesera kukhala profitability. Koma si onse akhala akusunga. Ngakhale zikuluzikulu msika osewera asonyeza imfa umboni. Malingana ngati anthu akulingalira ngati kunyamula madipoziti mu ndalama Bank wa (chisanadze kusintha rubles madola), mabungwe ngongole mavuto liquidity.

Mogwirizana ndi kugwa ruble, ndi mbiri ngongole anatsika ndi 0,7% kwa Ine kotala ya 2015, ndi nkhokwe - ndi 7.6%, phindu analipo okwana rubles biliyoni 6. Chopulumutsira moyo kuwinduka Bank ku Central, amene anayambitsa thandizo zolimbana. Chifukwa, gawo yang'anira kumabweretsa mu ngongole mabanki 'kumapeto kwa April zinakwana mkulu - 10.4%. Institution amakhazikitsa Hadadi ngongole restructured pa chiwembu mokondera.

The muyeso chachiwiri thandizo - zina capitalization a mabanki ndi rubles biliyoni 830. OFZ chiwembu. Pulogalamu udachita yekha mu theka lachiwiri la chaka, kotero nchito zake kwenikweni zitha ayesedwa ndi mapeto a 2016-TH. Koma kulowetsedwa analola mabanki kukhalabe magawanidwe likulu adequacy ndi kubwezeretsanso nkhokwe mlingo woyamba. Malipiro thandizo anali kudzipereka osati pokuza mtengo wa FOP ndi kuchepetsa benefiti kwa zaka zitatu. zochita CB athandiza kuchulukitsa cholowa cha ngongole ndi 0,7%, madipoziti - ndi 10,9% ndi kupindula biliyoni 265 rubles.

The mavuto waukulu mu 2015

Waukulu vuto - kuchepetsa ogula kukongoza ndi 12% poyerekeza kukula chaka chatha la 8,9%. Chifukwa, ndinazembera gulu la mabanki kuti apadera okha pa ngongole unsecured. Pamtengo 6 mabungwe waukulu nkhani 10% ngongole ritelo ndi 20% wa ngongole zoipa. vuto chuma chawo chizindikiro (15%) Nthawi 2 lalikulu kuposa ambiri dongosolo (9%). Kubwezeretsa malo a mabanki adzayenera refocus pa makonzedwe a ntchito konsekonse.

Zosayembekezereka chopinga analinso kugwa kwa kampani "Transaero", wakhala anasonkhanitsa rubles biliyoni 250 ngongole. mavuto ake kugona pa mapewa a obwereketsa amene zomvetsa ngati bankirapuse mpweya chonyamulira adzapanga mabiliyoni rubles. Defaults mu gawo makampani akuyembekezeka mu 2016. m'magulu onse a chuma anadwala kufunika m'munsi. Chiyembekezo cha kumangidwanso mu 2016, pafupifupi aliyense.