Kapangidwe ang'onoang'ono: yatsoka ndi makhalidwe

Feudalism inali mbali yofunika ya European Ages Middle. Pa nthawi yomweyo umoyo ndale dongosolo la nzika chachikulu ankasangalala ulamuliro wautali kwambiri ndi chikoka. Kuthandizira mphamvu zawo zinali ukapolo ndi wopanda wamba.

Magwero a feudalism

Ku Ulaya, dongosolo ang'onoang'ono chinabuka, kugwa kwa Western Roma cha m'ma V m'ma BC. e. Pamodzi ndi kutha kwa chitukuko kale wakale anasiya nthawi ya ukapolo tingachipeze powerenga. Pa dera la achinyamata maufumu wakunja zimene zinachitika pa malo a ufumuwo, anayamba kugwirizanitsa latsopano chikhalidwe.

dongosolo ang'onoang'ono anaonekera chifukwa mapangidwe lalikulu tidakocheza katundu. Wamphamvu ndi wolemera olemekezeka, pafupi ndi ziwembu achifumu mphamvu analandira kuti ndi mbadwo uliwonse kuchulukitsa yekha. Pa nthawi yomweyo mtokoma wa Western ku Ulaya (wamba) Kukhala m'deralo. M'zaka za m'ma VII imene panali stratification kwambiri. dziko Common wadutsa mu manja payekha. Anthu wamba amene analibe ziwembu, anakhala wosauka, amadalira bwana wawo.

ukapolo wa wamba ndi

minda Independent oyambirira Ages Middle ankatchedwa Ukali. Pa nthawi yomweyo panali zinthu mpikisano wosiyana, pamene nzika lalikulu oponderezedwa msika adani awo. Motero, alimi inawonongeka ndipo mwakufuna wadutsa mu zothandizira mipingo yawo ya olemekezeka. Choncho pang'onopang'ono adanyamuka dongosolo ang'onoang'ono.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mawu akuti sizinayambe ku Middle Ages, koma patapita nthawi yaitali. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma XVIII mu chosintha France feudalism amatchedwa "kuti lakale" - nthawi ya ufumu mtheradi ndi otchuka. Kenako akuti anakhala otchuka pakati pa asayansi. Mwachitsanzo, icho chinali kugwiritsidwa ntchito Karl Marx. M'buku lake "Capital" Iye akutchedwa dongosolo ang'onoang'ono a kuloŵedwa m'malo a bizinesi ano ndi chuma msika.

benefice

franc State, anali woyamba amene zizindikiro za feudalism kuwonetseredwa. Mu ufumu izi zikamera ubale watsopano chikhalidwe ali inapita patsogolo chifukwa benefice lapansi. Otchedwa dziko la malipilo ndi boma servicemen anthu - akuluakulu kapena asilikali. Poyamba ankaganiza kuti Mabuku awa lidzakwatiwa mwa munthu moyo, ndi pambuyo pa imfa yake mphamvu kuti ndi kutaya katundu pa nzeru zake (mwachitsanzo, kutumiza zotsatirazi zalembedwa).

Komabe, mu IX-X zaka zambirimbiri. ufulu dziko thumba inatha. Chifukwa cha chuma ichi pang'onopang'ono anasiya kukhala yekha, nakhala cholowa. Ndi, mwini akhoza tsopano pochitika fulakesi (gawo) kwa ana awo. ndisinthe, mu malo oyamba, adakula kudalira osauka kwa mabwana awo. Kachiwiri, kusintha walimbitsa kufunika kwa sing'anga ndi yaing'ono ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Iwo ndi kwa nthawi yaitali anakhala maziko a makamu European Western.

Alimi amene anataya Ukali wawo, analanda dziko kwa mbuye ang'onoang'ono chosinthana ndi udindo kugwira ntchito zonse pa malo ake. Kugwiritsira afika ulamuliro dzina lake precarium. eni Major analibe chidwi kuti galimoto wamba m'dziko kwathunthu. Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ndi powapatsa ndalama kwambiri, ndipo inakhala maziko a umoyo wa anthu apamwamba ndi otchuka kwa zaka zambiri.

Kulimbikitsa mphamvu ya ambuye ang'onoang'ono

Ku Ulaya, makamaka dongosolo ang'onoang'ono akali chakuti nzika lalikulu lina osati malo aakulu, koma mphamvu yeniyeni. boma anawapatsa zosiyanasiyana ntchito, kuphatikizapo zamalamulo, apolisi, kayendetsedwe ndi msonkho. Makalata amenewa yachifumu anakhalira chizindikiro kuti magnates dziko analandira chitetezo chokwanira ku kusokonezedwa aliyense mu mphamvu zawo.

Wamba pa maziko awo anali wonyozeka ndi wopanda mphamvu. Nzika akhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo, popanda kuopa kusokonezedwa boma. Choncho mfundo panali ang'onoang'ono serf dongosolo, pamene wamba, anakakamizika kupita ku ntchito mosatengera kuti lamulo ndi mapangano m'mbuyomu.

Corvee ndi mangawa

M'kupita kwa nthawi, ntchito ya osauka yozungulira zasintha. Pali mitundu itatu ya ang'onoang'ono lendi - corvee, zopereka ndi zopereka zachilengedwe ndalama. Mphatso ndi ntchito yokakamiza ankakonda makamaka oyambirira Ages Middle. M'zaka za m'ma XI, ndondomeko za kukula chuma mizinda ndi chitukuko malonda. Izi zapangitsa kuti kufala ubale ndalama. Izi zisanachitike, pa malo a ndalama zingakhale chimodzimodzi mankhwala achilengedwe. Oterowo kuti chuma kudziwika monga tsintho. Pamene ndalama ndi Zafalikira Europe Western, mafumu ang'onoang'ono anasamukira ku rents ndalama.

Koma ngakhale ngakhale, zigawo zazikulu za ophunzira mu malonda nawo m'malo sluggishly. Ambiri malonda ndi katundu ena m'dera lawo, ankadya ulimi. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti olemekezeka ndi ntchito osati pa ntchito wamba, komanso ntchito za amisiri. Pang'onopang'ono, chiwerengero cha Ambuye dziko banja lake utachepa. Barons ankakonda kupereka malo wamba yozungulira ndi moyo kuchokera mangawa awo ndi serfdom.

mbali dera

M'mayiko ambiri a kumadzulo kwa Ulaya feudalism mawonekedwe komaliza kwa atumwi XI. Kwinakwake mu ndondomeko imeneyi watha oyambirira (mu France ndi Italy), kwinakwake - Patapita (mu UK ndi Germany). M'mayiko onsewa, feudalism anali pafupifupi zofanana. Mugone osiyanasiyana a mumzinda waukulu ndi wamba Scandinavia ndi Byzantium.

Iwo anali ndi makhalidwe komanso maudindo osiyanasiyana mu akale Asia. Mwachitsanzo, dongosolo ang'onoang'ono mu India anali yodziwika ndi chikoka chachikulu pa boma la nzika lalikulu ndi anthu wamba. Komanso, panalibe chakale European serfdom. Dongosolo ang'onoang'ono mu Japan amasiyana mphamvu zenizeni wapawiri. Pamene shogunate asilikali anali ndi chikoka kuposa mfumu. Izi boma la unachitikira pa wosanjikiza wa asilikali akatswiri amene analandira ziwembu kakang'ono ka dziko - asilikaliwo.

kuonjezera ulimi

zonse zakale umoyo ndale system (dongosolo kapolo, dongosolo ang'onoang'ono, ndi zina zotero. D.) Anasintha pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, pa mapeto a XI atumwi ku Ulaya anayamba m'mbuyo kukula kupanga. Iye anali kugwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zipangizo ntchito. Komabe, kulekana amapezeka specializations antchito. Izo zinali ndiye definitively wosiyana wamba osema. Gulu la chikhalidwe anayamba kukhazikika m'mizinda kuti mwakula pamodzi ndi nyumba ya ulimi European.

The kuchuluka kwa mankhwala kwachititsa kuti malonda kufala. Ndinayamba kukhala msika chuma. Panali wamalonda kalasi otchuka. Malonda anayamba kupanga guilds kuteteza zofuna zawo. Mofananamo, amisiri m'tawuni anapanga guilds. Mpaka m'zaka XIV, makampani amenewa hemayo Ulaya. Analola osema kukhala osadalira pa mafumu ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha inapita patsogolo kwa sayansi pa mapeto a Middle Ages guilds kukhala chidina zakale.

kuukira m'mphawi

Inde, ang'onoang'ono kuti chikhalidwe akhoza sasinthidwa mchikakamizo cha zinthu zonse izi. Boom midzi, kukula ubale ndalama ndi chofunika - zonsezi zikuchitika ndi maziko a kulimbikitsa nkhondo anthu ndi kupondereza mumzinda waukulu.

kuukira wamba zinali ponseponse chochitika. Onse kuponderezedwa mwankhanza mafumu ang'onoang'ono ndi boma. The atsogoleri anaphedwa ndi anthu ophweka chilango ntchito zina kapena kuzunzika. Komabe, pang'onopang'ono, kudzera zipolowe, kudalira munthu osauka anayamba kuchepa, ndi mzinda inasanduka phata la anthu ufulu.

Pankhondo ya mafumu ang'onoang'ono ndi mafumu

Kapolo, ang'onoang'ono, capitalist dongosolo - iwo onse, mwa njira ina, bwanji boma mphamvu ndi malo ake pa anthu. Mu Middle Ages khama la mumzinda waukulu (barons, udindo, atsogoleri) pafupifupi ananyalanyaza ndi mafumu awo. Zonse zinachitika nkhondo ang'onoang'ono imene ankaikonda yothetsera mavuto pakati pawo. Mu nkhani iyi, Korona chiyani saletsa pankhondo imeneyi, ndipo ngati nyenyezizo, ndiye chifukwa cha kufooka kwake sanasiye mwazi.

Feudalism (maluwa nyengo komwe kunachitika pa zaka XII) anatsogolera chakuti Mwachitsanzo, mu France, mfumu ankaona yekha "woyamba pakati wao sunganyemeke". Zinthu zinayamba kusintha, pamodzi ndi kuchuluka kupanga zipolowe otchuka, ndi zina zotero. D. Pang'onopang'ono, m'mayiko Western European apanga limati dziko ndi amphamvu ufumu, choyenera zizindikiro yambiri absolutism. Centralization anali chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene dongosolo ang'onoang'ono kale.

Kukula kwa bizinesi

Feudalism anali gravedigger a bizinesi. M'zaka za m'ma XVI, patsogolo mofulumira sayansi inayamba mu Europe. Zawachititsa kwa wamakono zida ntchito ndi makampani lonse. Chifukwa atulukira kwambiri lawolawo ku World Old tinaphunzira za maiko atsopano kuti kugona kupitirira nyanja. Zikamera wa ilibe latsopano unabala ubale malonda. Zikuoneka pa msika ndigwira katundu zosaoneka.

Panthawi imeneyi atsogoleri a mafakitale anakhala Netherlands ndi England. M'mayikowa, aliyense fakitale - mtundu watsopano wa ntchito. Analemba ganyu ntchito ntchito, omwe anali anagawa. Ndiko manufactories pa ntchito ndi akatswiri ophunzitsidwa - makamaka osema. Anthu awa anali palokha wa ambuye ang'onoang'ono. Choncho pali mitundu yatsopano ya ulimi - Nsalu, chitsulo, kusindikiza, etc ...

kuwonongeka kwa feudalism

Pamodzi ndi manufactories anayambitsa bourgeoisie. Gulu la chikhalidwe inkakhala eni amene anali njira yopanga ndi azamalonda. Poyamba, stratum uyu wa anthu anali ochepa. cholowa mu chuma wakhala ting'onoting'ono. Pa kuchepa kwa Ages Middle zambiri za katundu chopangidwa anaonekera mu minda, ndipo amadalira ambuye ang'onoang'ono.

Koma m'kupita kwa bourgeoisie kunakopa nakhala waphindu ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Zimenezi sanathe kukhala ndi zotsutsana ndi osankhika akale. Kotero mu XVII atumwi ku Ulaya anayamba bourgeois Zasintha. The latsopano kalasi mukufuna kulimbitsa chikoka chawo pa anthu. Ichi chidachitika mwa chifaniziro m'chigawo ziwalo apamwamba (a States-General, yamalamulo), ndi zina zotero. D.

Woyamba anali nkhondo imene inatha ndi zaka makumi atatu ndi zaka eyite nkhondo. kugalukira uyu anali wa chikhalidwe cha dziko. Anthu a Netherlands anamuchotsa mphamvu ya mafumu amphamvu a Spanish banja lolamulira la Habsburg. Kukwera lotsatira mu England. Iye umatchedwanso Civil nkhondo. Chifukwa cha zonsezi wotsatira coups ofanana anali kukana feudalism, ndi Kumasuka a wamba ndi kupambana kwa msika chuma ufulu.