Kodi elekitironi? Unyinji ndi kuyang'anira elekitironi ndi

Elekitironi - ndi tinthu achikhazikitso, mmodzi wa anthu amene ali mayunitsi structural pa nkhaniyi. Malinga ndi gulu ndi fermion (tinthu ndi theka yofunika sapota dzina la sayansi Enrico Fermi) ndi leptons (particles ndi theka inteja sapota, samenya nawo mogwirizana ndi amphamvu, mmodzi wa zinayi zikuluzikulu sayansi). Baryon chiwerengero cha elekitironi ndi ziro, komanso leptons ena.

Mpaka posachedwapa kuti ankakhulupirira kuti elekitironi - ndi pulayimale, kuti ndi indivisible, zomwe ziribe Kapangidwe ka tinthu, koma asayansi ali ndi maganizo osiyana lero. ndi elekitironi pa ulaliki wa sayansi masiku ano n'chiyani?

History dzina la

Ngakhale wakale Greece naturalists anaona kuti Amber chisanafike acimbadzoza ndi ubweya, amakopa zinthu zazing'ono, mwachitsanzo akusonyeza katundu mu atomu. Dzina la elekitironi analandira kuchokera ἤλεκτρον Greek, kutanthauza "Amber". Mawu akuti adafotokoza George. Stoney mu 1894, ngakhale tinthu ndi anatulukira ndi J .. Thompson mu 1897. Zinali zovuta kupeza chifukwa cha izi misa ang'ono ndi kuyang'anira elekitironi ya anakhala kupeza zinachitikira mwachangu. The zithunzi woyamba wa particles anali Charles Wilson ndi kamera wapadera, amene ntchito ngakhale mu zatsopano ano ndipo dzina lake polemekeza wake.

Mfundo zosangalatsa kuti munthu wa preconditions kwa kutsegula kwa elekitironi ndi ndi mawu a Benjamin Franklin. Mu 1749 anali ndi kungoganizira kuti magetsi - chinthu zakuthupi. Ndi ntchito zake anayamba ntchito mawu monga milandu zabwino ndi zoipa, capacitor kumaliseche, batire ndi tinthu magetsi. Mlandu enieni elekitironi ndi akuti ndi oipa, ndi pulotoni - positive.

Kupezeka kwa elekitironi ndi

Mu 1846, mfundo ndi "atomu magetsi" anamugwiritsa ntchito yake, ya German sayansi Wilhelm Weber. Maykl Faradey anapeza mawu akuti "ion", lomwe liri tsopano, mwina, zinthu zonse akadali pa sukulu. Funso la chikhalidwe magetsi nawo akatswiri ambiri otchuka monga German wasayansi masamu Julius Plucker, Zhan Perren, Chingerezi sayansi Uilyam Kruks, Ernest Rutherford ndi ena.

Choncho, pamaso Dzhozef Tompson bwinobwino kuyesera wake wotchuka ndipo anatsimikizira kukhalako kwa tinthu kakang'ono kuposa atomu, mu ntchito m'munda asayansi ambiri ndipo anapeza sizikanatheka iwo sanachite ntchito m'patali.

Mu 1906, Dzhozef Tompson analandira Nobel Prize. Nkhanizi motere: kupyolera mbale kufanana zitsulo za kuthengo magetsi, cathode matabwa ray zinachoka. Ndiye kuti mwachita njira yomweyo, koma mu kachitidwe koyilo kulenga maginito. Thompson anapeza kuti pamene minda magetsi anapanduka matabwa, ndi chimodzimodzi zimawonedwa ndi kanthu maginito Koma mitanda cathode ray njira yodutsamo sanasinthe ngati zinthu zonse za m'minda izi mu magawo ena, amene amadalira mathamangidwe tinthu.

Pambuyo kuwerengetsera Thompson anamva kuti mathamangidwe ndi tinthu awa ndi kwambiri poyerekeza ndi mathamangidwe a kuunika, ndi izi zinatanthauza kuti iwo ndi misa. Ndipo pa mfundo imeneyi sayansi abwera kukhulupirira kuti tinthu lotseguka nkhani m'gulu ma atomu kuti kenako zikutsimikiziridwa ndi Rutherford. Iye ananena kuti "chitsanzo mapulaneti wa maatomu."

Paradoxes wa dziko kwadzidzidzi

The funso la mawu ndi elekitironi kobvuta zokwanira, osachepera pa siteji iyi ya chitukuko cha sayansi. Musanawerenge, muyenera kuti funsani mmodzi wa paradoxes a sayansi kwadzidzidzi kuti ngakhale asayansi sangathe kufotokoza. Izi wotchuka ziwiri kudula kuyesera kufotokoza chikhalidwe wapawiri wa elekitironi lapansi.

Kwenikweni ake ndi asanakhazikitsidwe "mfuti" likuomba particles, anapereka chimango ndi ofukula amakona anayi kutsegula. Kumbuyo kwake ndi khoma limene udzachitika kuda kumenya lapansi. Choncho, choyamba muyenera kumvetsetsa mmene nkhaniyi khalidwe. Chophweka njira kuona mmene kuyamba mipira makina tenesi. Mbali ya mikanda kugwera mu dzenje, ndi kuda zotsatira khoma anawonjezera mmodzi ofukula gulu. Ngati pa mtunda wina kuwonjezera wina yemweyo dzenje kuda adzapangira, motero, magulu awiri.

Mafunde komanso zinthu zosiyana zimenezo. Ngati khoma adzakusonyezani kuda kuwombana yoweyula, mu nkhani ya munthu kutsegula gulu adzakhala mmodzi. Komabe, zinthu zikusintha mu nkhani ya slits awiri. Wave kudutsa m'maenje agawidwa mu theka. Ngati pamwamba pa funde lina amakumana pansi ndi mzake, iwo kuletsa wina ndi mzake, ndi kuwasokoneza chitsanzo (mikwingwirima angapo ofukula) adzaoneka pa khoma. Ikani pa mphambano ya mafunde adzasiya chilemba, ndi malo kumene kunali mwagwirizana Kuthetsa, palibe.

Kupezeka chodabwitsa

Mothandizidwa ndi kuyesera pamwamba asayansi anasonyeza kuti dziko kusiyana kwadzidzidzi ndi Agiriki sayansi. Pamene iwo anayamba kuwomba ma elekitironi khoma zambiri amapezeka mu chizindikiro ofukula kuti: ena particles ngati tennis mpira zidagwa kusiyana, ndi ena satero. Koma izi zonse zinasintha pamene panali dzenje chachiwiri. Pa khoma anawulula kusokonezedwa chitsanzo! Choyamba Physics anaganiza kuti ma elekitironi kusokoneza mzake ndipo anaganiza tiyeni iwo mmodzi ndi mmodzi. Komabe, patapita maola angapo (liwiro la ma elekitironi kusuntha akadali m'munsi kwambiri kuposa kuwala kumayendera) anayambanso amasonyeza kusokonezedwa chitsanzo.

mosayembekezereka

Pakompyuta, pamodzi ndi ena particles zina monga photons, akusonyeza yoweyula-tinthu duality (amagwiritsanso ntchito mawu akuti "kwadzidzidzi-yoweyula dualism"). Monga mphaka Schrödinger kuti onse amoyo ndi akufa, boma elekitironi zimakhala corpuscular ndi funde.

Komabe, chinthu chotsatira mu kuyesera chabutsa zinsinsi zambiri: a tinthu achikhazikitso, amene ankawoneka kuti akudziwa zonse, anapereka anadabwa kwambiri. Sayansi kusankha kukhazikitsa m'maenje scoping chipangizo logwirana, amene anatumbula ndi tinthu ali, ndi momwe iwo zimapezeka mmene mafunde. Koma mwamsanga pamene anaikidwa polojekiti limagwirira pakhoma panali magulu awiri okha lolingana mabowo awiri, ndipo palibe chitsanzo kusokonezedwa! Atangomva "mwamthunziyi" kutsukidwa, tinthu nayambanso kusonyeza katundu yoweyula ngati iye ankadziwa kuti iye anali kale palibe amene ali kuona.

chiphunzitso china

Wasayansi Anabadwa adati tinthu sabwerera mu yoweyula kwenikweni. Elektron "lili" funde la Mwina, kuti apereka kusokonezedwa chitsanzo. particles ali ndi chuma cha superposition, kutanthauza iwo akhoza kukhala kulikonse pa Mwina ena, choncho akhozanso kukopeka ndi wotero "aziweyulira".

Komabe, chifukwa ndi lodziwikiratu: wamba amatsata amakhudza zotsatira za zimenezo. Zikuoneka zosaneneka, koma si chitsanzo chabe za mtundu wake. Zimene Physics anawatengera pa mbali yaikulu ya mayi, kamodzi chinthu gawo panali thinnest aluminum zojambulazo. Asayansi amanena kuti sikuti ena miyezo bwanji kutentha kwa chinthu. Chikhalidwe cha zinthuzo akukufotokozerani si koma mu mphamvu.

kapangidwe

Koma zimene zimapanga elekitironi? Pa nthawi imeneyi, sayansi yamakono sangathe kuyankha funso ili. Mpaka posachedwapa izo ankaona indivisible particles achikhazikitso, koma tsopano asayansi okonda amakhulupirira kuti wapangidwa ndi nyumba ngakhale ang'onoang'ono.

Mlandu enieni elekitironi nazonso ankaona pamoyo, koma tsopano lotseguka quarks ndi mlandu fractional. Pali ziphunzitso zingapo zimene tingati ndi elekitironi.

Today ife tikhoza kuwona nkhaniyi, limanena kuti asayansi anatha kugawanitsa elekitironi. Komabe, izi ndi zoona kwenikweni.

Zimene latsopano

Asayansi Soviet kumbuyo mu Mipingo ya atumwi wotsiriza amaganiza kuti elekitironi akhoza kugawidwa quasiparticles atatu. Mu 1996 iye anakwanitsa muchigawane mu spinon ndi Holon, ndipo posachedwapa sayansi Van khola atsale ndi gulu lake unagawidwa tinthu spinon ndi orbiton. Komabe, akuwaza n'zotheka kukwaniritsa okha zochitika zapadera. Kuyesa angathe kuchitidwa m'mikhalidwe wa otsika kutentha kwambiri.

Pamene ma elekitironi ndi "ozizira" kuti ziro mtheradi, ndiwo za -275 madigiri Celsius, iwo pafupifupi kuima ndi mawonekedwe pakati pawo ngati nkhani, ngati merging mu tinthu limodzi. Izi zikachitika, ndi sayansi angaone quasiparticles, amene "ndi" elekitironi.

onyamula mudziwe

Elekitironi utali wozungulira ndi laling'ono kwambiri, ndi wofanana ^2,81794. 10 ^-13 cm, koma likukhalira kuti zigawo zake ndi kakang'ono kwambiri. Aliyense wa patatu limene anakwanitsa "kugawaniza" ndi elekitironi, amanyamula zokhudza izo. Orbiton, monga dzina lake likunenera, muli deta pa yozungulira yoweyula tinthu. Spinon amachititsa sapota wa elekitironi, ndipo Holon limatiuza za mlandu. Choncho, sayansi akhoza payokha kusunga limati yosiyanasiyana ya ma elekitironi mu zinthu mwamphamvu utakhazikika. Iwo anakwanitsa mme- awiri "holon-spinon" ndi "spinon-orbiton" osati onse atatu pamodzi.

umisiri watsopano

Wasayansi amene anatulukira elekitironi anali kudikira zaka zingapo mpaka anapeza akhala ntchito mchitidwe. Masiku ano njira zamakono kupeza ntchito zaka zingapo, ndi wokwanira kumbukirani graphene - chodabwitsa zinthu ongokhala maatomu mpweya mu wosanjikiza limodzi. The akuwaza wa elekitironi idzakhala yothandiza? Asayansi kuneneratu kuti chilengedwe cha kompyuta kwadzidzidzi, liwiro, malinga ndi zimene iwo, makumi angapo nthawi zazikulu kuposa makompyuta lero wamphamvu kwambiri.

ndi chinsinsi cha luso kwadzidzidzi kompyuta chiyani? Izi akhoza kutchedwa kukhathamiritsa yosavuta. Mu kompyuta ochiritsira, osachepera indivisible gawo mfundo - pang'ono. Ndipo ngati tikambirana deta ndi chinachake zithunzi, chinachake kwa galimoto yachiwiriyo yekha. Pang'ono anyamula kapena ziro kapena m'modzi, ndiye mbali ya kachidindo bayinare.

njira yatsopano

Tsopano tiyeni tiyerekeze kuti pang'ono zili ndi ziro, ndi unit - ndi "kwadzidzidzi pang'ono" kapena "kyubu". Udindo wa zosintha kungoyankha kusewera sapota wa elekitironi ndi (zikhoza atembenuza kapena mobwerera kapena counterclockwise). Mosiyana ndi yosavuta pang'ono kyubu ingagwire ntchito angapo nthawi imodzi, ndipo chifukwa kuwonjezeka kumeneku zidzachitika liwiro, elekitironi misa otsika ndi mlandu si ofunika pano.

Izi zingathe kufotokozedwa ndi chitsanzo cha yokhotakhota. Kutuluka, muyenera kuyesa kwambiri mungachite osiyana wochokera yekha adzakhala olondola. kompyuta Traditional ngakhale kusiya zochimwazo kumathetsa mavuto mwamsanga, koma pa nthawi ina akhoza ndizigwira vuto lililonse. Iye imati njira zonse pa kapepala imodzi, ndipo kenako akupeza njira kunja. The kompyuta kwadzidzidzi, chifukwa cha duality kyubita angathetse mavuto ambiri nthawi imodzi. Iye tikambirane options onse sali pa mzere, ndipo mu mphindi imodzi mu nthawi, ndi vutolo. vuto ndi kokha mpaka ndi zochuluka ntchito kwadzidzidzi chinthu - ichi adzakhala maziko mbadwo watsopano wa kompyuta.

ntchito

Anthu ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kompyuta pa mlingo banja. Ndi ntchito imeneyi kwambiri mpaka ndi ma PC ochiritsira, koma kuneneratu zochitika zapadera zikwi, mwina masauzande zosintha, makina ayenera chabe zoopsa. kompyuta kwadzidzidzi mosavuta kupirira zinthu monga kulosera nyengo mwezi, chithandizo cha tsoka ndi deta yake wanyanga, ndiponso kuchita zovuta computations masamu ndi zosintha kangapo timene chachiwiri, onse ndi purosesa kwa maatomu ochepa. Choncho n'zotheka posachedwa makompyuta mpamvu kwambiri ndi pepala-woonda.

kukhala wathanzi

Kwadzidzidzi makompyuta adzapanga chopereka zikuluzikulu mankhwala. Anthu adzakhala Ngokhoza kulenga nanomachinery ndi kuthekera amphamvu, ndi thandizo lawo, kudzakhala kotheka osati matenda basi kuyang'ana pa thupi lonse kuchokera mkati, komanso kupereka chithandizo popanda opaleshoni: maloboti kakang'ono ndi "ubongo" ena kuposa kompyuta angachichite ntchito zonsezo.

Mosalephera kusintha m'munda masewera a pakompyuta. makina amphamvu kuti akhoza yomweyo kuthetsa vutoli, adzatha masewera ndi zithunzi amazipanga ziriri, si kutali kale ndi zolengedwa kompyuta ndi kumiza zonse.