Kodi kulemba isomers ndi homologues? Kodi kukhala isomers wa alkanes?

Musanawerenge bwanji kutulutsa isomers wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa kuti awulule maonekedwe a kalasi zinthu organic.

chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa

ambiri makalasi CxHy waima umagwirira organic. Aliyense ali chilinganizo ambiri, magazi zino, zochita Mkhalidwe, ntchito. Chifukwa zimalimbikitsa alkane hydrocarbon kalasi lililonse umodzi (Sigma) muzikondana. Chilinganizo ambiri a kalasi ya organic zinthu CnH2n + 2. Nchifukwa chake katundu zofunika mankhwala: kusamutsidwa, moto, makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Pakuti paraffins sizionekaoneka polumikizira, kuyambira kulankhulana mamolekyulu wa chimasanduka izi limodzi.

isomerism

Chodabwitsa isomerism anafotokoza zosiyanasiyana zinthu organic. Pansi isomerism ambiri amadziwira chodabwitsa chimene pali zingapo mankhwala organic ndi nambala ziwalo zofanana ndi za (nambala ya ma atomu mu molekyulu), koma dongosolo osiyana a iwo molekyulu ndi. Nkhani chifukwa amatchedwa isomers. Iwo akhoza kukhala oimira magulu angapo a chimasanduka, ndi katundu Choncho osiyana mankhwala. Zina Zambiri pawiri molekyulu alkanes maatomu zinagwira ndi isomerism structural. Kodi kukhala isomers wa alkanes? Pali aligorivimu yeniyeni, malinga sipangakhalenso umaimiridwa ndi isomers structural a kalasi zinthu organic. Pali kuthekera zimenezi ndi anayi okha maatomu mpweya, ie, molekyulu wa byuteni C4H10.

mitundu isomeric

Kuti timvetse mmene kulemba mitunduyi ya isomers, izo n'kofunika kumvetsa mtundu uliwonse. Pamaso pa maatomu chomwecho mwa molekyulu manambala ofanana, zomwe zili mu mlengalenga mu dongosolo losiyana, amatanthauza isomerism okhudza malo. Apo ayi, umatchedwa stereoisomerism. Imeneyi, ntchito imodzi yokha structural chilinganizo sikokwanira, muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito ziyerekezo wapadera kapena mitunduyi okhudza malo. Zimalimbikitsa chimasanduka kuyambira H3C-CH3 (ethane), ndi masanjidwe osiyanasiyana okhudza malo. Ichi ndi chifukwa kasinthasintha mkati molekyulu ndi C-C muzikondana. Ndi yosavuta σ-chomangira amalenga conformational (makina) isomers zitheka.

Kandalama isomers paraffins

Tiyeni tikambirane mmene kuti isomers alkane. Maphunzirowo ali isomer structural, i.e., ndipamene osiyana mpweya atomu unyolo. Apo ayi, n'zotheka kusintha malo mu mzere wa maatomu mpweya wa Carbon mafupa otchedwa isomerism.

isomers wa heptane

Choncho, kusiya isomers wa thunthu ndi zikuchokera C7H16? Pakuti starters, mukhoza kukonza maatomu mpweya onse chingwe chimodzi yaitali, kuwonjezera aliyense nambala inayake maatomu C. Zingati? Mogwirizana kuti valence mpweya ndi wofanana ndi anayi, maatomu kwambiri kwa maatomu wa hydrogen atatu ndipo mkati - awiri. Molekyulu chifukwa ali ndi dongosolo liniya, ndi hydrocarbon otchedwa N - heptane. Kalata "N" amatanthauza molunjika mpweya mafupa mu hydrocarbon lapansi.

Tsopano kusintha malo maatomu mpweya, "zowononga" Pankhaniyi molunjika mpweya unyolo mu C7H16. Pangani isomers kungakhale mu kukodzedwa kapena chidule structural. Taonani tsopano chimake chachiwiri. Choyamba wina C atomu angakonze methyl kwakukulu pa maudindo osiyana.

Yogwira isomer heptane, ali dzina zotsatirazi mankhwala: 2-methylhexane. Tsopano "ife kusuntha" kwakukulu mpweya atomu kwa lotsatira. Chifukwa zimalimbikitsa hydrocarbon otchedwa 3-methylhexane.

Tikapitiliza kusuntha kwakukulu manambala adzayamba kumanja (pafupi ndi pamwamba ndi hydrocarbon kwakukulu), ndiye ife kutenga isomer ichi, chimene ife kale. Choncho, kuganizira momwe kupanga chilinganizo cha isomers nkhani yoyambira, adzayesa kuti mafupa ngakhale "wamfupi".

Otsala awiri mpweya akhoza kupezeka mu mawonekedwe a ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira awiri mfulu - methyl.

Choyamba kukonza iwo mu carbons osiyana m'gulu unyolo waukulu. Timanena chifukwa isomer -2,3 dimethylpentane.

Tsopano kusiya kwakukulu pamalo omwewo, ndipo kusamukira wotsatira chachiwiri mpweya atomu ya unyolo waukulu. Nkhanizi amatchedwa 2,4 dimethylpentane.

Tsopano kukonza hydrocarbon ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ndi chimodzi mpweya atomu. Poyamba, chachiwiri, kupeza 2,2 dimethylpentane. Kenako wachitatu kulandira dimethylpentane 3.3.

Tsopano ife kuchoka mu unyolo waukulu maatomu anayi mpweya, ndi zina zitatu ntchito ngati ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira methyl. Ife kuzilongosola motere: awiri kachiwiri C atomu, mmodzi yekha - mpweya lachitatu. Timanena isomer analandira: 2,2, 3 trimethylbutane.

Mu Chitsanzo heptane tafotokoza mmene kuti isomers wa chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Mu chithunzi zitsanzo za isomers structural awa akuimira kwa butena6 chlorine ofanana nawo.

alkenes

Gulu la zinthu organic ali chilinganizo ambiri CnH2n. Kuwonjezera pa zimalimbikitsa nsinga C-C mu kalasi iyi, pali ubale awiri. Izo zimatengera katundu zofunika ija. Tiyeni tikambirane mmene kusiya isomers wa alkenes. Tiyeni awulule kusiyana kwawo ku chimasanduka zimalimbikitsa. Kuwonjezera pa isomerism wa unyolo waukulu (structural chilinganizo) oimira a kalasi ya chimasanduka organic amadziwikanso yodziwika ndi mitundu itatu ya isomers, zojambula (CIS ndi mitundu trans), angapo chomangira malo ndi Interclass isomer (cycloalkanes).

isomers wa C6H12

Yesani kupeza momwe kulemba c6h12 isomers, kuganizira mfundo yakuti mankhwala pa njira amadziwika mwachindunji magulu awiri a mankhwala organic: alkenes, cycloalkanes.

Kuyamba kuganiza mmene kukhala isomers wa alkenes, ngati pali ubale awiri mu molekyulu ndi. Ikani molunjika mpweya unyolo, kuika chomangira angapo pambuyo woyamba mpweya atomu. Timayesetsa osati kuti s6n12 isomers, komanso dzina thunthu. Nkhanizi - hexene - 1 manambala akusonyeza malo molekyulu ndi ubale awiri. Mu kuyenda kwake pamodzi ndi unyolo mpweya, hexene kupeza -2 ndi hexene - 3

Tsopano ife tikuganiza bwanji kuti isomers wa chilinganizo ichi, kusintha chiwerengero cha maatomu mu unyolo waukulu.

Kufupikitsa chiyambi mpweya mafupa wina mpweya atomu, ndi ankamuona ngati methyl kwakukulu. Kawiri chomangira pambuyo kuchoka woyamba wa maatomu S. The chifukwa isomer wa nomenclature mwadongosolo adzakhala ndi dzina zotsatirazi: 2 methylpentene - 1. Tsopano kusuntha hydrocarbyl gulu pa unyolo waukulu, kusiya zikutsatiridwa udindo wa mgwirizano awiri. Izi hydrocarbon unsaturated ndi dongosolo nthambi otchedwa 3 methylpentene-1.

N'zotheka popanda kusintha malo a unyolo waukulu ndi wina awiri chomangira isomer: 4 methylpentene-1.

Pakuti C6H12 zikuchokera akhoza kuyesa kulimbikitsa ubale awiri kuchokera woyamba udindo yachiwiri, wopanda yosintha yokha unyolo waukulu. The kwakukulu Choncho kuyenda ndi mpweya mafupa, kuyambira wachiwiri atomiki S. isomer uyu ali dzina 2 methylpentene-2. Komanso, n'zotheka kuti ayike kwakukulu CH3 lachitatu mpweya atomu motero kupeza 3-methylpentene 2

Pamene anaikidwa zotsalira pa wachinayi unyolo mpweya atomu aumbike wina watsopano mankhwala unsaturated hydrocarbon ndi mpweya mafupa kumulowetsa - 4 methylpentene-2.

Ndi kuchepetsa winanso wa nambala C mu unyolo waukulu, mungalandire isomer wina.

Ubwenzi awiri adzasiya itatha yoyamba mpweya atomu, ndi awiri kwakukulu kupatsa lachitatu C atomu ya unyolo waukulu, dimetiluten kupeza 3,3-1.

Tsopano ife tiyika ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira pa maatomu pafupi mpweya, popanda kusintha udindo wa mgwirizano awiri kupeza 2,3-dimethylbutyl 1. Yesani popanda kusintha kukula kwa unyolo waukulu, pawiri chomangira kusuntha udindo wachiwiri. The ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira Choncho tikhoza kupereka okha 2 kapena 3 C maatomu, ndi 2,3 dimethylbut-2.

Other structural isomers kwa alkene anapatsidwa ayi, kuyesa kuti abwere ndi chiphunzitso zidzapangitsa kuti kusokoneza kapangidwe ka organic zinthu A. M. Butlerova.

Okhudza malo isomers C6H12

Tsopano kupeza momwe kubala isomers ndi homologs kwake kwa maganizo a isomerism okhudza malo. Nkofunika kudziwa kuti CIS ndi alkenes trans ndi Zimatheka chifukwa udindo wa mgwirizano awiri a 2 ndi 3.

Ngakhale mu ndege imodzi hydrocarbon ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira anapanga CIS - anayeza -2-hexene, ndi pa ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira dongosolo ndege osiyana, trans-hexene mawonekedwe - 2.

Interclass isomers C6H12

Kukambitsirana za momwe kuti isomers ndi homologues samaiwala za chimake ichi monga Interclass isomerism. Pakuti unsaturated chimasanduka nambala ya ethylene, ndi chilinganizo ambiri CnH2n isomers amenewa ndi cycloalkanes. Mbali ya kalasi ya chimasanduka ndi pamaso pa ozungulira (anatseka-kuzungulira) kapangidwe mu zimalimbikitsa ubale umodzi pakati pa maatomu mpweya. Mutha kupanga chilinganizo cha cyclohexane, methylcyclopentane, dimethylcyclobutane, trimetiltsiklopropana.

Pomaliza

umagwirira Organic ndi m'zigawozigawo, enigmatic. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu organic kuposa maulendo chiwerengero cha mankhwala zochita kupanga. Mfundo imeneyi mosavuta anafotokoza ndi kukhalapo kwa chotero chodabwitsa wapadera monga isomers. Ngati angapo magazi imakonzedwa ofanana mu kapangidwe ndi katundu wa zinthu, kusintha udindo wa maatomu mpweya mu unyolo ndi mankhwala atsopano dzina lake isomers. Pokhapokha chiphunzitso cha dongosolo mankhwala mankhwala organic imene ikudziwika chimasanduka onse kumvetsa mfundo iliyonse kalasi. Chimodzi mwa zinthu chiphunzitso ichi, mwachindunji zokhudzana chodabwitsa isomerism. The kwambiri Russian sayansi, anali wokhoza kuti amvetse, kufotokoza, kutsimikizira kuti malo maatomu mpweya zimadalira katundu mankhwala thunthu, ntchito zake reaktsionanya, tiligwiritse ntchito. Ngati ife tikufanizira chiwerengero cha isomers anapanga mmphepete alkanes unsaturated ndi alkenes, akutsogolera ndithu alkenes. Chifukwa chake n'chakuti pali ubale awiri mu molekyulu ndi. Kuti amalola kalasi ya nkhani organic kupanga osati alkenes a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi nyumba, komanso kulankhula za isomers meklassovoy ndi cycloalkanes.