Kapangidwe ka madzi Kakhungu mwatsatanetsatane

Maselo zomera, bowa ndi nyama zigwirizana mwa zigawo zitatu monga phata la, cytoplasm ndi ili mmenemo ndi inclusions organelles ndi plasma Kakhungu. Ngale ndi udindo kasungidwe zinthu majini olembedwa pa DNA, komanso amasamalira maselo onse njira. The cytoplasm lili organelles, omwe ali mbali yake, monga Mwachitsanzo, kaphatikizidwe zinthu organic, kupuma ma, selo chimbudzi, ndi zina zotero. D. A zikuluzikulu za yotsirizira tikambirana mwatsatanetsatane m'nkhani ino.

ndi Kakhungu Kodi mu zamoyo?

Mawu osavuta, ndi chipolopolo. Komabe, si nthawi zonse moti kwathunthu. Pafupifupi nthawi zonse chakuti ena zinthu zoyendera kudzera Kakhungu lapansi.

Mu cytology Kakhungu akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu ikuluikulu iwiri. The choyamba - ndi madzi Kakhungu okuta selo. The chachiwiri - ndi organelles Kakhungu. organelles kumeneko kuti ndi nembanemba imodzi kapena ziwiri. Ndi odnomembrannym monga a Golgi zida, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, lysosomes. Ndi dvumembrannym a plastids ndi mitochondria.

Komanso, zikopa akhoza kukhala mkati organelles. Kawirikawiri nembanemba mkati dvumembrannyh opangidwa kuchokera organelles.

Kodi dvumembrannyh Kakhungu organelles?

Mu plastids ndi mitochondria zipolopolo ziwiri. Lakunja Kakhungu organelles onse yosalala, koma mitundu mkati koyenera kuti kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la organelle.

Choncho, kwa mayitirokondiriyoni chipolopolo ali mkati zolosera - cristae kapena zitunda. Kwa iwo ndipo pali vuto la zochita mankhwala zofunika kupuma selo.

Lachokera ku Kakhungu lamkati la chloroplasts ndi m'mapaketi yooneka ngati mbale imayamba - thylakoids. Iwo anasonkhana pa makatoni - grana. Phatikizani nkhope munthu cholukanalukana mwa lamella ndi - nyumba yaitali komanso anapangidwa kuchokera nembanemba lapansi.

Kapangidwe ka nembanemba wa organelles odnomembrannyh

Mu organelles awa, Kakhungu yekha. Ndi ambiri ndi envelopu yosalala ongokhala lipids ndi mapuloteni.

Features ya kapangidwe ka madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu selo

Kakhungu ndizo zinthu monga lipids ndi mapuloteni. Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu plasma amapereka wochindikala mu 7-11 nm. Zambiri za lipids Kakhungu amapanga.

Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu plasma lili pamaso mwa iwo zigawo ziwiri. Choyamba - wosanjikiza awiri a phospholipids, ndipo chachiwiri - mapuloteni wosanjikiza.

The lipids wa Kakhungu plasma

Lipids, zomwe zili mbali ya nembanemba plasma, anawagawa m'magulu atatu: steroids sphingophospholipids ndi glycerophospholipids. molekyulu yamasika wapangidwa kwa trihydric mowa glycerol zotsalira, mmene awiri maatomu wa hydrogen a magulu hydroxyl ali mmalo ndi unyolo mafuta asidi, pamene chachitatu a haidrojini atomu a gulu hydroxyl - asidi phosphoric zotsalira, zimene pamapeto, akulowa zotsalira mmodzi wa zapansi ndi nitrogenous.

Glycerophospholipids molekyulu angathe kugawidwa mmagawo awiri: mutu ndi mchira. Hydrophilic mutu (.. Ie, insoluble m'madzi), ndi michira - hydrophobic (iwo amawateteza madzi, koma sungunuka mankhwala ndiponso). Chifukwa nyumba imeneyi angatchedwe glycerophospholipids amphiphilic molekyulu, m. F., Ndipo hydrophobic ndi hydrophilic imodzi.

Sphingophospholipids ofanana mu dongosolo mankhwala kuti glycerophospholipids. Koma amasiyana pamwambazi mu dongosolo m'malo yotsala ya glycerol ndi zotsala sphingosine mowa. mamolekyulu awo komanso mitu ndi michira.

Chithunzi pansipa kuoneka bwino dongosolo chithunzi cha nembanemba plasma.

Madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu mapulotini

Monga mapulotini a Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu plasma, ndi makamaka glycoproteins.

Malinga ndi malo chipolopolo akhoza kugawidwa mmagawo awiri: zotumphukira ndi yofunika. The choyamba - iwo amene ali padziko Kakhungu, ndipo chachiwiri - ndi zimene umalowa mu makulidwe lonse la chipolopolo ndipo ali mu zamadzimadzi wosanjikiza.

Malinga ndi ntchito anachita ndi mapuloteni, iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu anayi: michere, structural, mayendedwe ndi lilime.

mapulotini onse amene ali mu dongosolo la nembanemba plasma si mankhwala kugwirizana ndi phospholipids. Kotero iwo akhoza kusuntha momasuka wosanjikiza m'munsi mwa Kakhungu, kuti kusonkhana magulu, ndi zina zotero. D. N'chifukwa chake Kapangidwe ka madzi Kakhungu maselo sitinganene kuti malo amodzi. Ndi amphamvu, monga nthawi zonse kusintha.

Kodi selo nembanemba?

Kapangidwe ka Kakhungu plasma chololera kupirira ntchito asanu.

Woyamba ndi waukulu - loletsa cytoplasm. Ndi chipindacho ali ndi mawonekedwe nthawi zonse ndi kukula. Kuphedwa kwa nchito imeneyi amaperekedwa ndi chakuti plasma nembanemba wa amphamvu ndi zotanuka.

Udindo wachiwiri - kupereka ojambula selo foni. Chifukwa kusinthasintha zake plasma Kakhungu maselo nyama akhoza kupanga protuberances ndi makutu pa mafupa awo.

Ntchito yotsatira ya selo nembanemba - zoyendera. Iwo anaonetsetsa ndi mapulotini wapadera. Chifukwa cha iwo, thunthu anakhumba akhoza kusamutsidwa mu khungu ndi zinyalala - kuwataya izo.

Komanso, plasma Kakhungu amachita enzymatic ntchito. Iwo anagwiritsanso kuyamika zonsezo.

Ndipo ntchito lomaliza - Alamu. Chifukwa zonsezo ongoyendayenda zinthu zina amatha kusintha kapangidwe awo okhudza malo, madzi a m'magazi Kakhungu maselo atume chizindikiro.

Tsopano inu mukudziwa zonse zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi: Kodi Kakhungu zamoyo, zomwe iwo ali, mmene ntchito yomanga plasma Kakhungu ndi Kakhungu organelles, amene amatha iwo kuchita.