Kodi kuwerenga kalasi ya chitsulo

Polankhula za makhalidwe a munthu, ntchito epithet a "chitsulo," iwo amatanthauza khalidwe indomitable, chifuniro champhamvu, kapena nsinga, omwe si mophweka kupambana. Zitsulo anatulukira kuti cholimba ndi odalirika njira, zipangizo ndi zida. Tsopano, simungakhoze kuchita popanda zitsulo izi.

Kodi izo - zitsulo ndi mmene kumasiyana ndi chitsulo? Chachikulu kusiyana mu zosafunika, mkulu pakati pawo - mpweya. Pofuna kupereka katundu wapadera wa zitsulo izi aloyi ndi anawonjezera kuti zigawo zina.

Kalasi yomweyo ya chitsulo m'mayiko osiyanasiyana anasankha mosiyana. Mwatsoka, nkhani chofunika kwambiri ndi chimodzi chimene siyidafike.

M'dziko lonse la Soviet Union, kupatulapo limati Baltic, ntchito zizindikiro alphanumeric malinga ndi mfundo kale alipo boma. Chotero tanthauzo la kalasi ya chitsulo yabwino kwambiri ndi zomveka, chithunzi ankanena za kuchuluka zili zosafunika, ndi kalata - chinthu mankhwala.

Zitsulo sukulu mbalambanda, mkati limene pali chitsulo yekha ndi mpweya otchedwa structural. Iwo akuyimira yosavuta, Article 2, mwachitsanzo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mpweya momwemo 0.2%.

Mkhalidwe unalloyed zitsulo ali kabisidwe ofanana, koma kuchuluka kwa mpweya zimaonekera awiri zizindikiro digito ngati St.08.

Ngati zitsulo ntchito yopanga ziwiya, amene adzakhala ndi ntchito pansi othamanga, ndiye kuti amafuna wapadera. Monga momwe zilili ndi khalidwe structural zitsulo, kuchuluka kawiri-manambala, koma mu kalata anawonjezera "K" (mwachitsanzo - St.12K).

Kwambiricho nyimbo zitsulo anawagawa m'magulu - malangizo, zomangamanga, dzimbiri ndi zina zotero. Aliyense wa iwo ali ndi makhalidwe yake chodetsa, koma wamba kalata zoti zinthu alloying monga faifi tambala (H), chromium (X), mkuwa (D), tungsten (V), manganese (T), molybdenum (M), pakachitsulo ( C), cobalt (K).

njira deoxidation amadziwikanso zimaonekera steels ya 'kala' ikusonyeza. Choncho, "chete" akusonyeza zilembo SP, "theka-kuphedwa" - PS ndi "kuwira" - kp.

steels Alloyed ndi wautali chizindikiro, womwenso makalata ndi manambala. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti pamene wodetsedwa zili zosakwana peresenti theka la chiwerengero si anapatsidwa. Choncho, malamulo 10 X2 M-W zikutanthauza kuti zitsulo lili 0,1% mpweya 0.2% chromium ndipo pasanathe 1.5% molybdenum. Palinso kalata "W" iye anati kwa mankwala zili yafupika. Ngati m'malo zinali "A", izo kuti athana ndi sulfure. zizindikiro izi zikusonyeza makhalidwe khalidwe zina.

Kandalama zitsulo foundry anasonyeza kumapeto kwa kalatayo "L".

Constructional chofunika zitsulo ndi zokolola otsika, izo zimanyezimiritsa kalata "C" atayima kutsogolo. Litera, nditaima kuseri, anati katundu zina (T - kutentha kulimbitsa, K - chifukwa kukana dzimbiri).

Khama la steels oyenera kupanga zida, yotengekatengeka ndi kalata "Y" omwe aikidwa pambuyo kuchuluka kawiri-manambala mpweya, mwachitsanzo U8.

Palinso zosapanga dzimbiri. Zopangidwa, ngati 08X18H10T ngati cipher yovuta, koma zoona ndi mfundo mofanana aloyi kasakaniza wazitsulo structural. Zilibe ntchito milandu wapadera komwe makalata amapatsidwa ulemu wa zomera, kwa nthawi yoyamba kuti smelt zitsulo ndi katundu wapadera.