Kodi njuchi ya ndege ili kuti? Keel ndege: yomanga

Ngakhale munthu yemwe sanayambe awonapo nyanja, amadziŵa bwino mawu opatukana: "Miyendo isanu pansi pa keel." Ndipo palibe mafunso. Mng'oma wa ngalawa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri, lomwe limaphatikizapo zambiri. Koma kodi pali wina amene amadziŵa za kumene ndegeyo ilili ndipo ndi cholinga chiti?

Ndi chiyani?

Ichi ndi "chiwalo" chokhazikika, chomwe chimakulolani kuti mupitirize ndegeyi pa njira yopatsidwa. Mosiyana ndi ngalawa, chidendene cha ndege ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la nthenga za mchira. Pansi pa fuselage, palibe keel mu aircrafts! Koma pali chinsinsi chimodzi. Chowonadi ndi chakuti gawo ili likugwirizana mwamphamvu ndi zinthu zamphamvu za fuselage, koma chifukwa cha izo pali chinthu chofala mu nyanja ndi mpweya. Ndiye kodi ndege ya ndege ili kuti? Mwachidule, ichi ndi gawo loyang'ana mchira.

Imaikidwa yosasunthika, yokhazikika mu mfundo zitatu, mzere wofanana wa axial wa ndege. Zikuwoneka ngati trapezoid yabwino. Kawirikawiri, chombo cha ndege chimakhala ndi spars, nthiti ndi khungu. Ndondomekoyi ndi yachikale, yosintha pang'ono kuchokera pakuwonekera kwa ndege yoyamba. Kutsogolo kutsogolo kumalowera (monga lamulo).

Zithunzi zojambula

Kawirikawiri, keel ndi wosakwatiwa, koma nthawi zina imapangidwa kawiri kapena katatu (pa mabomba a bomba). Pachifukwa chotsatira, izi ziyenera kuonetsetsa kuti pamakhala makina olemera kwambiri. Mwachidziwikire, ndege zonse pa malo a keel zigawanika kukhala mitundu itatu:

• Zomangidwa molingana ndi chizoloŵezi chachizolowezi. Izi ndi, mwachitsanzo, keel ya A321.
• "Mabakha," ndiko kuti, ndege, momwe mchira wopingasa wa keeli uli patsogolo pa mapiko.
• "Mchira". Kuchokera ku keel pali mchira wokhawokha, zozembera zofufumitsa sizipezeka kwathunthu.

Zoonadi, mitundu iwiri yapitayi ndi yowonjezereka kwa "midzi" ya ndege zankhondo, popeza kuyikapo kofunikira koteroko n'kofunika kuti ndegeyi ikhale yopambana kwambiri.

Nthawi zina zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zovuta. Mwachitsanzo, phokoso la mapiri (ali ofanana ndi perforated carinae). Zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ndege zina zowonongeka, komwe kumakhala kolimba paulendo waulendo. Motero, pansi pa ndege (apa ndi pamene, ife tazipeza kale) pali zowonjezera ndi zowonjezereka. Zowonjezereka ndi momwe mchira woposera wa mchira umayenera kutengedwera mpaka pamwamba pa nsalu. Izi zimachitika ngati injini imayikidwa kumbuyo kwa ndege. Chimodzimodzinso, chiwonetsero, chikhoza kuwonetsedwa pa katundu wamnyumba ndi ndege.

Kodi ndi chiyani?

Monga mukudziwira, nyengo yopanda mphepo imakhala yosayembekezereka, zomwe zimachitika kawirikawiri kamodzi pachaka. Nthaŵi zambiri, mphepo imakhalapo, ndipo mphamvu zake ndi chitsogozo chake zimakhala zosiyana kwambiri. Pamene ndege ikuuluka, mphepo imatha kusintha kwambiri malangizo ndi njira. Ndegeyo iyenera kukonzedwa kuti ibwerere pamalo okhazikika. Pokhapokha paulendo wotetezeka ndi wotheka.

Cholinga chachikulu

Lamulo lalikulu la kumanga chingwe ndi kuliika kuti lisakhale pansi pamtundu uliwonse pamphuno la mapiko. Kupanda kutero, kuphulika kwakukulu kwa kusinthanitsa kwa ndalama kumakhala kotheka, ndikumakhala kovuta kwambiri - kusokoneza thupi ndi kuwonongeka kwa mchira wonse. Choncho, cholinga chachikulu cha keel ndicho kusungira batala.

Mapangidwe a ndege zambiri ndizoti gawo ili ndiloyendetsa. Powasintha kukula kwa kutembenuka kwa keel, ogwira ntchito amawatsogolera mutuwo. Kupatulapo ndi ndege zankhondo, momwe injini zomwe zimayendetsedwa bwino ndizomwe zimasinthira njira yoyendetsa ndege. Kwa iwo, kupanga ndege yosunthira (chithunzi icho chiri mu nkhani) ndi chopusa, chifukwa kulemetsa kwambiri pamene mukuyendetsa ndiko kotero kuti kumangogwa.

Kodi ndondomeko zotani zimaperekedwa ndi keel?

Pali mitundu itatu ya bata, chifukwa cha kusungirako komwe mpheteyi ikuphatikizidwa mu mapangidwe a ndege:

• Tsatani.
• Longitudinal.
• Zosintha.

Tidzakambirana ndi mitundu yonseyi mwatsatanetsatane. Kotero, kukhazikika kwa msewu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti ngati chitetezo cha fuselage chitatha, ndegeyo idzapitirizabe kuthawa kwa nthawi yochepa chifukwa cha mphamvu yosautsa. Pambuyo pake, mtsinjewo umayamba kuthamanga kumbuyo kwa ndege, yomwe imakhala kumbuyo kwa mphamvu yokoka. Nthendayi pambaliyi imalepheretsa kuchitika kwa mphamvu yozungulira imene imalimbikitsa ndegeyo kuti izungulira pazomwe ikuyendetsa.

Longitudinal bata. Tiyerekeze kuti ndege ikuuluka m'njira yoyenera, pakati pa mphamvu yokoka ikuphatikizapo pakati pa kugwiritsa ntchito phokoso ku fuselage yake. Panthawiyi, fuselage yake imagwiranso ntchito mphamvu zambirimbiri zomwe zimayendetsa ndege. Kutulutsa mphamvu ndi mphamvu yokoka kumachita chimodzimodzi. Mng'oma wa ndege (chithunzi cha tsatanetsatane womwe mudzawona mu nkhaniyi) imapereka mgwirizano, umene umakhala wosakhazikika kwambiri. Kuthamanga kwabwino popanda mchira mapiko, keel ndi stabilizers sizingatheke.

Mitundu ina ya bata

Kusintha kwachitsulo. Kawirikawiri, izi ndizokulongosola kwanzeru kwa katundu wakale. Pamene mapiko ndi zitsulo zimayenda mosiyana, zimayesa kugwedeza ndege. Izi zikusemphana ndi mawonekedwe a mapiko: ngati muziyang'ana kuchokera kutali, zikufanana ndi "U" ndi "nyanga" zakuya kwambiri. Fomu iyi imapereka chidziwitso chayekha pa malo a ndegeyo mu danga. Kiel panthawi imodzimodzi imathandiza kusunga bata.

Dziwani kuti mu ndege ndikutuluka kwa mapiko, chosowa cha keel sichiri chachikulu ... pamwambamwamba. Ngati imagwa, ndiye kuti mphamvu zowonjezera zimagwira ntchito. Choncho, chifukwa cha makina awa, chinthu cholimba kwambiri komanso chopepuka ndi chofunika kwambiri, chomwe chingalepheretse katundu wotere. Ndipo momwe zingalandiridwe? Tiyeni tiyankhule za izi.

Zizindikiro za kupanga ndege zamakono

Panopa, akatswiri a Rosaviatsia ndi anzawo akunja akuyang'ana kulengedwa kwa ziwalo za ndege (kuphatikizapo keel) kuchokera kumagulu akuluakulu opangidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono.

Gawo la mankhwala awa mu kapangidwe ka ndege zamakono ikukula mofulumira. Malinga ndi zomwe akatswiri amanena, gawo lawo laling'ono lafika kale kuyambira 25% mpaka 50%, ndipo ndege zing'onozing'ono zopanda malonda zingapangidwe ndi mapulasitiki ndi mapangidwe 75% palimodzi. N'chifukwa chiyani njira yotereyi yakhala ikufala kwambiri? Chowonadi ndi chakuti njere yomweyo ya ndege ya Boeing, yopangidwa ndi "mapuloteni" a polima, ali ndi mphamvu yochepa kwambiri, mphamvu yamphamvu kwambiri ndi chitsimikizo chomwe, pogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zoyenera, sizingatheke.

Zida Zofunikira

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwakukulu kwa zopangidwa ndi mapangidwe osati mchira kumapeto, komanso mapiko ndi mphamvu za fuselage, zomwe siziyenera kukhala zamphamvu zokhazokha, komanso zowonongeka mokwanira. Kupanda kutero, kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kwa kayendetsedwe ka pansi pa chikoka cha ndege kuthabe.

Koma sizinali choncho nthawi zonse. Kotero, kunyada kwa zomangamanga za Soviet, Tu-160, White Swan kapena Black Jack, ili ndi ... titanium alloys. Zinthu zamtengo wapatali komanso zamtengo wapatali zinasankhidwa chifukwa cha katundu wambiri pa kapangidwe ka makina awa, omwe mpaka pano akukhalabe ndi bomba lolemera kwambiri mu utumiki. Koma komabe njira yodalirika yotengera kulumikiza kwake ndi yosawerengeka, ndipo lero opanga mapangidwe kawirikawiri amayenera kuthana ndi zipangizo zosavuta.

Kodi ndi ntchito ziti zomwe muyenera kuzikonza pamene mukupanga makina osiyanasiyana?

Pochita chitukuko, okonza mapepala amafunika kuthetsa mavuto osiyanasiyana osiyanasiyana:

• Kulengedwa kwa zigawo zazikulu za keel ndi zinthu zina za carbon-fiber pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoperekera mankhwala.
• Komanso, kunali kofunikira kuti tiganizirenso kwathunthu ndikukonzanso zigawo zazikulu za kupanga, zomwe sizinapangidwe kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zipangizo zamagulu.

Zina

Pogwiritsa ntchito pulojekitiyi, mapulogalamu atsopano (FiberSim) adayambitsidwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale njira zowonjezereka zokhazikika. Kuonjezera apo, tsopano njinga ya ndege, yomanga yomwe ikufotokozedwa m'nkhaniyi, ingapangidwe pogwiritsira ntchito matekinoloje, kumene kulibe zojambula. Kupanga gawo ili ndi njira iyi ndi motere:

• Kupanga kapena kusankha njira yomaliza. Masiku ano, keel (makamaka) imagwiritsidwa ntchito mozungulira, popanda kutenga nawo mbali "anthu".
• Kudula zinthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito, zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito mosavuta.
• Mu njira yokhayokha, zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa keel ndi zigawo zake zimayikidwa.
• Kuyika zigawo kumayendetsedwa ndi njira zogwirira ntchito zolamulidwa ndi pulogalamu ya pakompyuta.

Kuphatikiza apo, njira yamakono yopangidwira nkhuni imasonyeza zotsatirazi:

• Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zonse, zomwe zimayesedwa muzovuta kwambiri.
• Mapulogalamu osayesa omwe sali oonongeka amapangidwa, omwe amalola kuti nthawi zonse aziwunika momwe zinthu zilili pa ndege.

Njira zowonjezera zopanga mchira wa ndege "MS-21"

M'zaka zapitazi, makampani oyendetsa ndege ankadodometsedwa ndi mawu a oyambitsa nyumba kuti anali akupanga ndege yatsopano, MS-21. Zodabwitsa zake n'zakuti pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu zapitazi ndilo galimoto yoyamba yopititsira ndege. Pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono zatsopano, zinayesedwa, zomwe zinkakhudza kwambiri mbali zatsopano za mchenga ndi mchira wonse.

Kupanga ndi kutulutsa ndege ya "MS-21" ndege, akatswiri apakhomo adakwanitsa kuchita izi:

• Zomwe zimagwira ntchito kudula ziwalo zonse ndi zipangizo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga. Chifukwa cha izi, zinali zotheka kukwaniritsa zosachepera 50 peresenti pa mtengo wonse wa mapepala onse a mchira, makamaka, keel.
• Pogwiritsa ntchito mapepala amchira, pulogalamu ya ProDirector imagwiritsidwa ntchito, yomwe imalola kuti zolondola zizichitika molumikiza ziwalo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zolimba osati zolimba, koma zosavuta kwambiri.
• Komanso, ndege ya ndege yamakono imagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowonongeka kawiri. Chifukwa cha iwo, nkokwanitsa kukwaniritsa makulidwe ambiri m'madera omwe kulimbikitsidwa kwina kumapangidwe (pansi pa ndege ya ndege).
• Ngakhale zigawo zazikulu za keel tsopano zikhoza "kuzikidwa" mu autoclaves apadera. Chotsatira chake, chokhazikika kwambiri ndi chokhwima zigawo zimapezedwa, ndikumvetsetsa zolemetsa zilizonse.
• Kuwongolera geometry ya ziwalo kumathandizidwanso ndi makompyuta ovuta.

Zina

Chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito njira zatsopano zamakono ndi zamakono, ntchito ya mchira ndi mchira pomaliza kulengedwa inachepetsedwa ndi 50-70%. Masiku ano, zigawo zoposa 4,000 za keel ndi mchira zimadutsa mayeso a boma.

Kupindula kwakukulu kunali chitukuko cha teknoloji yodalirika ndi yophweka yopanga ziwalo za keel kukula kwa 7.6 x 2.5 mamita. Padakali pano, aperekedwa kale ku Irkutsk Aviation Plant. Zapangidwa ndi zipangizo zamakono zamakono, ndipo zenizeni za njirayi zakhala zogwirizana ndi otsogolera oyendetsa ndege zakunja.

Mavuto amakono

Nchifukwa chiani takhala nthawi yambiri tikukambirana za njira zamakono zopangira ndi kupanga chingwe? Chowonadi n'chakuti ngakhale kuyambira zaka za m'ma 100 zapitazo zinafika pozindikira kuti kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kukwera ndege kungakhale kotheka ngati akuwonjezera nyonga zawo ndikuwonetsa mitundu yatsopano ya zipangizo zopangidwa polima. Vuto la ndege yomalizira ndilokuti mapangidwe awo (ndi keel makamaka) amatha kutengeka ndi "kutopa". Chifukwa cha izi, pofika m'ma 1970, njira zambiri zothandizira kulamulira mapiko ndi mchira zinapangidwa.

Zomwe zimayenera kupanga ndizopamwamba. Tsatanetsatane uliwonse umakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maimidwe ozungulira, omwe amayesedwa ndi kutentha ndi kukakamizidwa. Ndipo izi sizosadabwitsa, chifukwa pang'ono pang'onong'ono ndizophwera ndi imfa ya anthu ambiri.

Kotero inu mwapeza kumene ndege ya keel ndi chifukwa chake ikufunikira!