Kodi Zyrians ndi ndani: zochitika, chiyambi, magulu a anthu ndi zochititsa chidwi

Russia ndi mphamvu zamitundu yambiri yomwe inagwirizanitsa zofanana ndi mbiri ya mafuko ambirimbiri. Chifukwa cha ichi chinali njira yosasokonekera yowonjezera magawo atsopano pa mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha boma la Russia. Ndipo kulowa mmadera atsopano, omwe ndi khalidwe, nthawi zambiri kunapezeka mwadzidzidzi.

Kodi Zyrians (Komi) ndi ndani? Pafupifupi anthu zikwi mazana atatu akukhala ku Western Siberia, kumpoto ndi kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Kusiyana kwa mafuko kumasiyana ndi zilankhulidwe ndi chikhalidwe, miyambo yake ndi chikhalidwe chapadera. Palibe chifukwa chakuti iwo amatchedwa "Russian America" kapena "Ayuda a Kumpoto".

Pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ku Russia

Kusiyanasiyana kwa mitundu ndi chikhalidwe ku Russia kumapindula mwa kuphatikiza anthu otchedwa amwenye (anthu omwe ankakhala m'madera ena asanalowe kumene anthu othawa kwawo), mbadwa za mayiko ena oyandikana nawo (Ukrainians, Byelorussians, Armenian, Lithuanians, etc.) ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono a mafuko, Ambiri okhala kunja kwa Russia (Hungary, Czech, Vietnamese, Serbs, Asuri ndi ena). Inde, anthu achibadwidwe ndiwo gulu lokongola kwambiri komanso lochuluka.

Mwachidule za Zyryans: ndi ndani?

Kodi Zyrians ndi chiyani? Kwenikweni, ndi ndani? Anthu a ku Zyra amachititsa maphunziro a mafuko, omwe lerolino akukhalabe owerengeka owerengeka mu dziko la Russian Federation. Mpaka mu 1917, ndendende mtunduwu unali woyamba pakati pa anthu a dziko la Russia, maphunziro awo anali otsika kwa Ayuda okha, ndipo malonda ndi chikhalidwe chawo chinasiyanitsa Zyryans ndi anthu ena a Asilavic. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, chiwerengerocho chinkaonedwa kuti ndi Chirasha, ndiko kuti, anthu achimwenye a ku Russia. Kuwonjezera apo, monga kale tawonetsera, Zyryans amatchedwa "Ayuda a Kumpoto" kapena "Russian American".

Kubwezeretsa nyumba komanso chiwerengero cha anthu

Kodi Zyryans sitingathe kufotokozera mwachidule popanda kulingalira chiwerengero chawo ndi gawo la kuthetsa. Zinthu izi zimakhudza kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro a mafuko ambiri: mafuko ochepa amwalira pang'onopang'ono, otsalira chabe m'mbiri, ndipo moyo wawo umadalira malo okhala. Iye, mwa mawu a Karl Marx, nayenso, amatsimikizira chidziwitso, chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Masiku ano, chiwerengero cha Zyryans, pamodzi ndi mayiko amtundu wapadziko lonse, chikufikira anthu pafupifupi 400,000. Ambiri mwa iwo ndipo tsopano akukhala m'madera omwe Oyria oyambirira anawonekera, mwachitsanzo, ku Russia. Gulu la anthu (anthu oposa 1500) linalembedwa ku Ukraine.

Ngati tikulankhula za otsogolera oyambirira a maphunziro a mafuko, chiwerengero cha Zyryans pa nthawi zosiyana siyana za chitukuko cha mbiri sichidziwika bwino. Kukhulupirira zolemba zolembedwa zakale, ndithudi, mungathe, koma zimadziwikanso kuti mwa iwo nthawi zambiri zowonjezera zowonjezera zimapezeka. Zyrians, sizinatchulidwe konse mu zolembedwa ndi zolemba zina mpaka 1865, pamene "Alphabetical List of People Living in Russia" inafalitsidwa.

Kodi anthu a Zyra (pamene anthu anali atatchulidwa kale kukhala mtundu wosiyana), chiŵerengero chawo ndi chigawo chiti chimene anthu amakhala ku Russia kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu, chikuwonetsedweratu.

Malingana ndi "Mndandandanda wa Zilembo za Anthu ...", Zyrians anali anthu zikwi 120. Iwo ankakhala makamaka m'midzi yaing'ono ya Arkhangelsk, Perm ndi zigawo za Vologda. ). Chigawo chokhazikika cha Zyryans nthawi zakale chinatchedwa Arimaspea (buku lomwe liri ndi dzina lomwelo linalembedwa ndi mmodzi wa olemba a Ancient Hellas, koma mwatsoka, mbiriyi, sizinapulumutse masiku athu - mwinamwake chikalatacho chikhoza kutsegula gawo lalikulu la mbiri yakale ya Zyryans ).

Anthu ambiri a Zyryans lerolino akufera, ngakhale m'maganizo a oimira ma ethnos, palibe pafupifupi nthano zomveka zomwe zatsala kuti zidzaze zosowa za mbiriyakale.

Anthropology ndi chibadwa cha anthu

Pafupi nthawi yomweyo, pamene "Alfabeti List List of People ..." inalembedwa mu "Encyclopaedic Dictionary ya Brockhaus ndi Efron", kufotokozera maonekedwe a oimira mtunduwo waperekedwa: zyrians masiku athu (kutanthauza mapeto a 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la makumi awiri ndi makumi awiri) akudziwika ndi thupi lamphamvu. Iwo ali a kutalika kwapakati, ambiri amakhala ndi tsitsi lakuda ndi lofiira kapena maso a imvi. Anthu a tsitsi lapamwamba kwambiri omwe ali ndi maso a buluu salinso ochepa pakati pa a Zyrians.

Maonekedwe awo akusonyeza kuti Zyryans (komanso oimira masiku ano a ethnos) ankadziwika ndi thanzi labwino ndi kupirira.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, ubongo wa Zyryans ndi wawukulu kuposa ubongo wa Asilavo wa 20-30 magalamu. Zinkadziŵika ngakhale m'nthaŵi yoyamba yosinthika, gwero la chidziwitso - "Encyclopedic Dictionary ya Brockhaus ndi Efron," yofalitsidwa mu 1890-1907. Kumalo okhazikitsa Zyryans, pakhala pali masukulu ambiri ndi makanema kuposa m'madera ena a kumpoto kwa Russia. Ankagwiritsanso ntchito zoweta ng'ombe, kusaka ndi kusodza, ndi ulimi. "Pa chikumbumtima" Zyryans akudziwa Siberia ndi Far East. Ankachita malonda ambiri pakati pa Siberia ndi Moscow.

Mbiri ya mafuko a Zyryans

Monga tanenera kale, nthawi yathu panali malo ochepa amene angapereke yankho lachindunji kwa mafunso angapo. Kodi a Zyra ndi ndani, momwe adawonekera, omwe amasiyanitsa maphunziro a mafuko pamasitepe osiyanasiyana a mbiriyakale - akhoza kungoganiziridwa ponena za zolemba zazing'ono zolembedwa m'mabuku osiyanasiyana.

Zikudziwika kuti anthu oyambirira a Zyra ankakhala m'mabanki a Volga (pamtunda wa mtsinje wa Oka ndi Kama) m'zaka za m'ma 2000 BC. Patangopita nthawi pang'ono, anthu anayamba kukhala kumpoto, ndipo kale anali zaka za m'ma IV-VIII. N. E. Iwo amakhala m'madera omwe ana awo amakono amakhala. Pambuyo pake a Zyrians anali oyamba kuchoka ku mphamvu ya Veliky Novgorod ku ulamuliro wa Moscow.

Pofika m'zaka za zana la XVIII, maziko a maphunziro a mafuko adatha. Chiyambi cha dongosolo la anthu linayikidwa panthawi yopanga USSR: Mu 1926 gawo lodzilamulira la Komi (Zyryan) linakhazikitsidwa. Panthawi imeneyo ku USSR ankakhala oimira zikwi mazana awiri zokha za anthu a Zyryans. Dziko la Republic of Zyryans linasintha masinthidwe angapo kuyambira 1926 mpaka 1992. Pakalipano, derali ndi mbali ya Russian Federation pansi pa dzina la Republic of Komi.

Chikhalidwe cha anthu a Komi

Kuchuluka kwa misa pakati pa zyryans kuyambira nthawi zakale kunali ndi ntchito zamatabwa. Izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kujambula ndi kujambula, zomwe ndi chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za Zyryans chikhalidwe (Komi). Kujambula ndi kumanga nsalu pamtundu kunali mitundu yamba ya nsalu. Ethnos amapereka chidwi kwambiri ku machiritso achikhalidwe. Miyambo yazinthu imakhala yosiyana kwambiri ndi chikhalidwe cha chi Russia.

Chiyankhulo cha Komi-Zyryan

Chiyankhulo cha Asiya - Komi-Zyryansky - ndi cha banja la chinenero cha Finno-Ugric ndipo chimagawanika m'zinenero zambiri. Masiku ano ku Russia, chinenero cha Komi-Zyryan chinatchulidwa ndi anthu 1,560,000 okha, omwe ndi pafupifupi theka la chiwerengero cha Komi-Zyryans.

Chiwerengero chochepa cha oimira maphunziro a mafuko chimapangitsa chinenero cha Komi-Zyryan chochokera ku Ukraine (anthu zikwi 4) komanso ku Kazakhstan (1,5,000).

Chiyambi cha mayina a anthu

Chiyambi cha dzina lakuti "zyryans" sichimveka bwino. Pali Mabaibulo angapo a chiyambi cha mtunduwu:

• Kuchokera ku zilankhulo za Chirasha "zyryt" kapena "zyrya", zomwe zikutanthauza "kumwa mopitirira muyeso";
• Mawu omveka bwino - kuchokera ku mawu akuti "zyrny" - "kuthamangitsira", z.e. zyryane kwenikweni "kuchoka kwawo kwinakwake anthu";
• ), т. е. “народ, опивающийся национальным напитком”; Kuchokera ku dzina lakale la mowa ("sur " ), mwachitsanzo, "anthu oledzera zakumwa zakumwa";
• Kuchokera ku Permian "sara" wamba - munthu (zolemba zakale zimatilola kunena kuti pamene Aziraya adadzitcha okha "Asuri," "amuna opsa," ndi zina zotero).

Ponena za malingaliro okhudzidwa kwambiri pa chiyambi cha mtunduwu, izo zimatsimikizidwenso ndikuti Komi ndi Finns amatchedwa Zyrians. M'chinenero chawo, dzinali limatanthauza "kukhala kunja", ndi "Perm" - "dziko lakutali." Izi ndi momwe a Komi, omwe amakhala m'dera la Perm, anayamba kutchedwa Zyrians. Masiku ano, asayansi amagawana nawo Komi-Zyryans ndi Komi-Permyaks.

Ndili ndi dzina lakuti "Komi" chirichonse chimveka bwino. Mu sayansi, akuganiza kuti dzinalo linachokera ku Mtsinje wa Kama (mwachitsanzo kwenikweni "munthu amakhala m'mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Kama"), kapena kuchokera ku Praperma "com" - "mwamuna, munthu."

Komi kapena zyryane: bwanji?

Zili zowonjezereka kuti Zyrians ndi Komi ndi amodzi ndi anthu omwewo. Ndipotu, choncho, koma ngakhale pano mukhoza kupeza zotsutsana. Zyrians ndi mtundu umodzi wokha wa anthu a Komi, palinso anthu ofanana (Perm, mwachitsanzo).

M'buku lina la kale la Rus, dzinalo laling'ono linasamutsidwa kwa anthu onse okhala ku Siberia. Khalidweli linasankhidwa kwa zaka mazana ambiri ndipo panali chisokonezo. Lero, chilungamo cha mbiriyakale chabwezeretsedwa ndipo dzina loyambirira lasinthidwa ndi dzina lotchuka "Komi", koma asanatchedwe zyryans.

Kodi anthu amakhala kuti?

Masiku ano, chiwerengero cha Komi-Zyryans ku Russia sichifikira 200,000. Zyrians zamakono zimakhala m'madera a Republic of Komi. Padziko lonse lapansi, iwo amapanga 23.7% a anthu (65% ali a Russia), ambiri amakhala kumidzi.

Mitundu yaing'ono imakhalanso ku Murmansk, Kirov, Omsk, Arkhangelsk ndi madera ena a Russia. Chikhalidwe cha mafuko pafupi ndi a Zyra (Komi-Permyaks) chimayikidwa mu Perm Region.

Chiwerengero cha anthu masiku ano chikukulirakulira. Ngati mu graph ya dziko mu 2002, "Komi-Zyryans" anasonyeza anthu 293,000 a Russian Federation, mu 2010 ofanana anali 228,000 anthu. Zyrians (Komi) ndi a anthu omwe ali pangozi ku Russia.