Kuona malo a chotengeracho. Khama la chotengera: Njira

Popeza zombo - analenga anthu - anayamba kukasambira m'nyanja ndi m'nyanja, pamaso pa panyanja anali ntchito posankha malo yake. mafunde akuluakulu, squalls, ndi kufunika akamagwiritsa tacks, atagwira headwind Inde, zovuta Mipikisano tsiku ulendo, ndipo mmodzi zaka zakubadwa amalinyero kampasi sikokwanira. Lero, pamene kudziwa malo sitima chachitika basi mwa dongosolo Kanema Glonass, n'kovuta kuyerekeza udindo wa mkulu, ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito zake yokha yosavuta chipangizo kwa lathu ndi nyenyezi. Komabe, lero omaliza zasekondale ndi apamwamba apadera sukulu wokwatibwa ndi zipangizo zonse izi.

Njira yaikulu malo m'madzi

Ziwiri ntchito limanenedwa ngati ngalawa mu malo atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena (malo) anapanga mitundu isanu ndi iwiri ya njira, kuphatikizapo:

• The wamkulu - zithunzi.
• Kenako, koma osati kwambiri - zakuthambo.
• Mtunda Computer, mwachitsanzo njira ntchito njira zonse za chotengera mapu kusonyeza mlingo amasintha mfundo kuwerengetsa mtunda anayenda ndi kuchulukitsa liwiro koloko. Anayambitsa mozungulira nthawi yomweyo monga njira zakuthambo, ndipo kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamodzi ndi yapita awiri. Masiku ano, ntchito ndandanda imagwiridwa basi schisliteli;
• Rada, amene amalola kuphatikiza chithunzi pa zenera makina ounikira mu nyanja tchati.
• Radiopelengovy. Zikupezeka milandu kumene pa gombe magwero mbendera.
• Radio navigation, pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya kuyankhulana imene kuyenda panyanja afika mudziwe zimene angafunikire.
• The njira Kanema-navigation.

njira yonse, kupatula woyamba atatu, chifukwa cha luso la zopangapanga zimene zinachitika m'zaka za m'ma XX. Iwo sakanakhoza kukhala zotheka popanda atulukira ndi zoyambitsidwa opangidwa ndi anthu m'munda wa zomangamanga wailesi, zamagetsi, cybernetics ndi yojambula mu gawo danga. ndi amene sikovuta kuwerengetsa mfundo m'nyanja, amene ali m'chiwiya kudziwa chiyambi chake zimatenga masekondi angapo, ndipo, monga ulamuliro, iwo kuunikira mosalekeza. Padziko luso yemweyo ntchito mu ndege navigation, ngakhale mu "ankafika" dera, ngati kuyendetsa galimoto.

kupingasa

Monga tikudziwa, dziko lapansi si mosabisa, ali mawonekedwe penapake flattened mpira. Mfundo pa kanjedza atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena Zingaoneke, ayenera kutchulidwa ndondomeko zitatu Euclidean, koma geographers ndi panyanja Kumkwanira awiri. Kuti apange tanthauzo mtunda chombo titchedwe manambala awiri okha, kenako mawu "North" (kapena "kum'mwera"), kumpoto (chidule N kapena S) ndi Western kapena "kum'mawa" longitude (ayi - m. e., kapena e). mfundo izi amayezedwa madigiri. Ndi yosavuta. Latitude ankaona ku equator (0 °) kwa mizati (90 °) ndi umboni wa njira: ngati kuyandikira kwa Antarctica, izo zikusonyeza kum'mwera kumpoto ndipo ngati kozizira, kumpoto kwenikweni. Mfundo za mtundu womwewo wa bwalo ufulu otchedwa kufanana. Aliyense ali awiri osiyana - kuchokera yaikulu pa equator (pafupifupi 40 zikwi makilomita.) Kuti ziro pa mtengo.

Longitude ndi miyeso kutalika

Kuona malo sitimayo sikutheka kuti agwirire limodzi, choncho pali chachiwiri. Longitude ndi kachidindo chiwerengero kusonyeza meridian kachiwiri dzanja, amene amawerenga. bwalo lagawidwa 360 °, amachepetsa zake ziwiri, motero, amaonedwa kukhala 180. Zero Greenwich meridian kudutsa Observatory odziwika British. Pa nthawiyi kumbali ina ya dzikoli popenyana ndi wake - 180th. Onse ndondomeko izi (0 ° ndi 180 °) malangizo anasonyeza Chizindikiro longitude.

Komanso pali kusiyana ndi mphindi - kutitsogolera udindo wa zinthu molondola kwambiri nthawi 60. Popeza meridians onse kutalika wofanana, iwo anayamba kuyeza kutalika kwa anthuwo. Mmodzi mtunda (nyanja) limafanana ndi mphindi imodzi meridian aliyense ndi 1.852 Km. Dongosolo chinkafunika anayambitsa patapita nthawi yaitali, kotero panyanja la zombo ntchito zinthu zakale English mtunda. Kumathandiza ndi mayunitsi monga chingwe cha - ndi wofanana 1/10 wa mamita. Kodi sizodabwitsa, chifukwa m'mbuyomo British zambiri khumi, khumi.

njira zithunzi

Monga dzina lake likunenera, akuchokera zimene akuona kuyenda panyanja ndi mkulu, komanso anthu ena timu amene ali pa sitimayo ngalawa. Poyamba, mu masiku a fleets boti, anali monga patsogolo kuyang'ana ika woyendetsa pa nyanja uyu anaikidwa pa pamwamba, mu mwapadera wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba kumbali malo mainmast - galimoto ya. Kuyambira pamenepo, zinaonekeratu bwino. Khama la chotengera pagombe kulamulidwa ngati njira zophweka kwambiri a pansi, podziwa kuti anafunika Mwachitsanzo, pa msewu Staroportofrankovskoy nyumba pa nambala 12, pamene pali chimodzimodzi wina kufufuza muyezo - ndi mankhwala, inali kuwoloka msewu. Oyendetsa Komabe, malangizo ndi zinthu zina: lighthouses, mapiri, zilumba kapena zina mbali iliyonse chidwi wa Edene, koma mfundo ndi limodzi. Muyenera kuyeza awiri kapena kuposa azimuthal (ngodya pakati pa kampasi muvi ndi malangizo a miyeso yolinganizira ndi), anawaika pa mapu pa nsonga ya mphambano kuti ndondomeko yanu. Motero, tanthauzo lawolawo la chombo, kapena m'malo malo, ntchito kokha mu zone ya m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya aone, ndipo mu nyengo bwino. Chifunga akhoza kutsogoleredwa ndi phokoso la sirens a nyumba, ndipo, pakalibe pamwamba adzakhala - kufuna melyam m'madzi osaya, kuyeza akuya maere.

Zakuthambo mu utumiki panyanja

Kwambiri chikondi malo njira. Za oyendetsa XVIII atumwi pamodzi ndi zakuthambo anatulukira sextant (limatchedwa ndi sextant, kotero, nawonso, kumanja) - chipangizo mungathe kupanga tanthauzo n'ngolondoladi awiri-ntchito za malo chotengeracho mu mlengalenga nyenyezi. The chipangizo yake yooneka ngati zovuta, komabe mungaphunzire ntchito mofulumira zokwanira. mamangidwe ake ali dongosolo kuwala zomwe ukufuna dzuwa kapena nyenyezi iliyonse, pambuyo khazikitsa unit horizontally. Chitsogozo chenicheni cha kalirole awiri (yaikuluikulu) Amawapatsa, ndi mamba anatsimikiza okhota okwera nyale. malangizo chipangizo ndi kampasi.

NdiAmene wa chida cha kuganizira zimene zinachitikira wachikale panyanja wakale motsogozedwa yekha ndi kuwala kwa nyenyezi, mwezi ndi dzuwa, koma analenga dongosolo kuti zimatithandiza navigation monga maphunziro ndi kudzikonda ndondomeko kufufuza.

mawerengedwe

Kudziwa ndondomeko ya mfundo Buku (doko linanena bungwe), kayendedwe ndi liwiro akhoza anaika pa mapu a njira yodutsamo lonse, tingadziwe pamene ndi madigirii angati anali asintha. Njira imeneyi adzakhala yabwino ngati kumene malangizo ndi liwiro Musati muzidalira pa mafunde ndi mphepo. The unevenness ikuyendera ndi zolakwa zizindikiro kwanthawi (liwiro mita) kusokoneza yolondola ndondomeko ya. Pa kutaya kuyenda panyanja ndi mzere wapadera kumangira mizere kufanana pa mapu. KUFOTOKOZERA zinthu za m'madzi chotengera machenjerero imagwiridwa ndi thandizo la kampasi. Childs, pa kusintha malangizo a udindo woona anatsimikiza ntchito njira zina, ndipo popeza zambiri Kodi sizigwirizana ndi yopangidwa, ndiye kukopedwa pakati pa mfundo ziwiri ngati mbedza, zingaoneke chokhala nkhono otchedwa "inviscid".

Panopa pa bolodi zombo kwambiri ndi zipangizo basi, toŵerengera, zomwe ndi zochokera athandizira liwiro ndi malangizo a kusakanikirana ndi imagwiridwa ndi ulemu kwa nthawi.

Pogwiritsira ntchito makina ounikira

Tsopano pa matchati mawanga woyera kumanzere, ndi kuyenda panyanja odziwa, powona ndondomeko ya gombe, athanso ndikuuzeni kumene ankasunga watercraft wake. Mwachitsanzo, powona m'chizimezime, ngakhale mu chifunga kuwala yowunikira ndipo anamva muffled phokoso la lipenga, nthawi yomweyo anati motere: ". Tili anawoloka moto Vorontsov, mtunda wa makilomita awiri" Izi zikutanthauza kuti ngalawa ili pa mtunda mwachindunji pa mzere kulumikiza bwino ngodya Inde ndi perpendicular malangizo nyumba ya, ndondomeko ya zimene zimadziwika.

Koma zambiri zimachitika kuti gombe kutali ndipo palibe zikhomo kuwoneka. Poyamba, mu masiku a ngalawa, ngalawayo "anaikidwa mu kulowerera pa" kusonkhanitsa matanga, nthawizina ngati ankadziwika capricious chikhalidwe cha mphepo ofala ndi unpredictability la pansi (miyala, shoals, ndi zina zotero. D.), Kuti anangula ndi "kuyembekezera nyengo nyanja "kutanthauza kulongosola. Tsopano palibe umenewu kungotaya nthawi, ndi gombe kuyenda panyanja kuwona, kuyang'ana pa zenera locator. Khama la ngalawa ndi makina ounikira - yosavuta pamaso pa luso. Wokwanira kuphatikiza fano pa chipangizo panyanja ndi mapu a dera zogwirizana ndi zonse amakhala pomwepo bwino.

Malangizo kupeza ndi wailesi navigation njira

Pali zoterozo_zisokonezo wailesi ankachita masewera a masewera - "Fox Kusaka". Mothandizidwa ndi zipangizo improvised, gulu akufunafuna kubisala tchire kapena kuseri kwa mitengo, "nkhandwe" - wosewera mpira amene ali ndi ntchito otsika mphamvu wailesi. Mu njira yomweyo, T. E. Pelenguya, counterintelligence utumiki kuwerengetsa anthu a nzeru yachilendo (osachepera izo zinali isanafike) pamene iwo kutumiza malipoti mapulogalamu aukazitape. Malo amafuna malangizo osachepera awiri intersecting pa malo, koma ambiri a iwo panonso. Kotero zonse, pali ena zikuonetsa chafalikiradi ndi olondola mtheradi sizingatheke, ndi mayendedwe musati converge pa mfundo imodzi, kupanga mtundu wa m'zigawozigawo chithunzi pakati zojambula za zomwe zikusonyeza digiri yapamwamba ya Mwina amati malo awo. Zikhomo akhoza mwachindunji analengedwa pa gombe woyendetsa chizindikiro (mwachitsanzo, ankayatsa) kapena cheza wailesi amene ndondomeko amadziwika (iwo limagaŵidwa).

Ndi ambiri applicable m'mphepete mwa nyanja Inde kudzudzulidwa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mauthenga pa wailesi.

makina

Lero, ndi kusochera mu nyanja kapena panyanja kuli kovuta. Kayendedwe ka kusuntha zinthu pa nyanja, mu mlengalenga ndi pa dziko kusunga navigation ndi dongosolo kupulumutsidwa, ndi Russian "Cospas" ndi Sarsat lonse. iwo ntchito pa Doppler mfundo. M'chombocho, iwe uyenera kukhazikitsa chabwino wapadera, koma chitetezo ndi kudalira zinthu ziwayendere bwino ulendo wa ntchito pa izo zikutanthauza. Finders imakonzedwa pa geostationary ( "alenjeka" pamwamba dziko atathana mfundo) makina amapanga dongosolo. msonkhano uno kwaulere ndiponso, kuwonjezera kupulumutsa ntchito amachita kufufuza navigation mfundo za m'chombo. The njira Kanema-navigation amapereka ndondomeko yolondola kwambiri, tanthauzo lake zolungama, ndi panyanja mu m'badwo wathu zamakono imagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri.

Mungasankhe zina - Katundu

Pa navigability m'chombo ndi zochita zake zotheka zayamba amakhudza matope ake. Nthawi zambiri, ambiri nyumba ndi adalowetsedwa m'madzi, ndi apamwamba mlingo wa kuukoka hydrodynamic. Pali Komabe, kuchotserapo Mwachitsanzo, sitima zankhondo za nyukiliya adalowetsedwa liwiro kuposa freeboard, ndi wapadera uta "babu" mu nkhani ya kumira zake zonse Njira ya aerodynamics bwino. mwanjira ina, koma liwiro kuyenda (sitiroko) amakhudza misa Katundu (katundu) mu nacho kapena akasinja. Kuwunika mtengo uwu oyendetsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera ndi chiopsezo pa uta, wamphamvu ndi mbali ziwalo (mamba osachepera asanu). mabaji ichi chagwiritsidwa payekha, aliyense chotengera zawo, palibe muyezo. Amene walandira dzina "kusodza Kafukufuku," Njira kudziwa kulemera kwa katundu pa bolodi zachokera ntchito "zizindikiro mvula" ndipo ntchito zolinga zambiri, monga navigation. mozama pansi sikuti kulola chombo pochitika pa njira imeneyo ndi Co-woyendetsa ayenera kuganizira chinthu ichi.

Patsalanso yekha ndikukhumba kuti osachepera mapazi asanu pansi muyezo wa anthu amene zikuyenda.