Mpweya woipa

Mpweya monoxide, molekyulu chomwe atomu limodzi ndi awiri C maatomu, O (i.e. mlingo wa makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa mpweya umene liri 4) akutchedwa mpweya woipa (ena maina: carbon dioxide, ndi anhydride asidi carbonic, mpweya woipa). mankhwala nthawi olembedwa CO2 maselo chilinganizo. Molar misa ndi 44,01 g / mol. Mu maonekedwe m'mikhalidwe yachibadwa mpweya woipa ndi mpweya colorless. Pa woipa otsika alibe fungo, amakhala lakuthwa, wowawasa fungo pa woipa apamwamba.

atatu akaphatikiza zotheka limati amene yodziwika ndi mfundo zosiyanasiyana za osalimba a mankhwala ndi:

• olimba (youma ayezi); pa 1 ATM. ndi kutentha -78,5 ° C - 1562 makilogalamu / m³;
• madzi (mpweya woipa); pa mavuto 56 ATM. ndi kutentha +20 ° C - 770 makilogalamu / m³;
• gaseous; pa 1 ATM. ndi kutentha kwa 0 ° C - 1.977 makilogalamu / m³.

mpweya woipa limatsogolera kutentha anali -78 ° C, kipeniya- kutentha kwa -57 ° C. mankhwala uli kusungunuka m'madzi: pa 25 ° C ndi mavuto 100 kPa solubility wofanana 1,45 g / L.

Mpweya woipa ndi masoka mankhwala pawiri mwa molekyulu maatomu mpweya maatomu mpweya zogwirizana ndi covalent muzikondana. Molekyulu mpweya woipa ndi liniya ndi centrosymmetric. Onse kugwirizanitsa mpweya ndi maatomu awiri mpweya ali ofanana (zoona, ali bayinare). Molekyulu ndi symmetrical wachibale likulu lake, choncho alibe dipole magetsi mphindi.

Mpweya woipa ndi oyamba mankhwala gaseous mankhwala, amene asiya kuzindikiridwa ndi mlengalenga. M'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, ndi Flemish sayansi Jan Baptist galimoto Helmont linanenanso kuti anatentha makala mu chotengera chatsekedwa, unyinji wa phulusa chifukwa ndi zochepa kwambiri kuposa ochiritsira makala. The katundu mpweya woipa afufuza mozamirapo mu 1750 ndi Scottish dokotala Joseph Black.

Mpweya woipa pa kuthamanga muyezo ndi kutentha zili m'mlengalenga mu kuchuluka za 0,04% ndi buku. Mu mpweya mkombero kudziwika monga dzuwa, mpweya woipa ndi chosakanikirana ndi zomera, algae, cyanobacteria. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, madzi likakhazikitsidwa komanso chakudya, koma ndondomeko izi zikuchitika yekha mchikakamizo cha kuwala. Mpweya woipa ndi kubala pa kuyaka wa malasha kapena chimasanduka, mu nayonso mphamvu madzi ndi mpweya pa anthu mpweya ndi nyama. Komanso, n'kuthamangitsidwa mapiri, akasupe, geysers.

The mpweya mpweya woipa n'chofunikira kwambiri (zimatenga ndi limatulutsa cheza mu ikukhudzana infuraredi osiyanasiyana). Komanso, izi pawiri mankhwala ndi njira imodzi yaikulu ya kutsitsa pH pa nyanja: Kutha mu madzi, ndipamene ofooka asidi carbonic: CO2 + H2O ↔ H2CO3, sangathe kwathunthu dissociate mu ayoni.

Mpweya woipa siligwirizana kuyaka ndi kupuma. Anayatsa nyali mu mpweya wake kuuzimitsa. Zinyama ndi anthu pa mkulu CO2 ndende suffocate. Pa 3% ndende mu mlengalenga kupuma amakhala pafupipafupi otaika 10% ya kutsitsimuka zikachitika, ndi imfa mofulumira, ndipo 20% zili amachititsa yomweyo ziwalo.

Mpweya woipa ndi anhydride asidi carbonic, choncho amakhala ndi katundu wa okusayidi acidic. Zasayansi kudakonzedweratu mwa kuchita choko ndi acid amathiridwa mu zida Kipp: CaCO3 + 2HCl → CaCl2 + CO2 + H2O. Makampani, chifukwa amapangidwa ndi kuwonongeka matenthedwe miyala ya laimu kapena choko (zochepa magnesite kapena dolomite): CaCO3 → CaO + CO2. Kukonzekera ndondomeko wa carbon dioxide ndi byproduct wa otsika kutentha kulekana kwa mpweya asafe ndi oxygen. Mu nthawi yathu, ife azimva magudumu wapadera kutulutsa mpweya woipa wa. magudumu oterowo ntchito kupereka CO2 mu wowonjezera kutentha kuti akonze malo abwino kwa zomera.

Mpweya woipa chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zomera mankhwala. Izo ntchito kubala koloko, kwa kaphatikizidwe wa organic zidulo, kupanga zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi. ayezi youma ntchito monga refrigerant Mwachitsanzo, mu popanga vinyo. Mpweya woipa mlengalenga analenga kupewa lawola chakudya, mphesa yomweyo pambuyo deta ndi isanafike yopanga vinyo.

Kupanga mpweya woipa kapena liquefied mpweya woipa ikuchitika kwa kudzaza mpweya woipa moto wamitundumitundu, amene ntchito kuzimitsa moto. Komabe, sangakhale amazimitsa anthu chifukwa mbali yaikulu ya ndege za CO2 madzi ukuphwera, ndi kutentha zikuchepa amachepetsa (zomwe zingachititse frostbite) ndi CO2 ndi n'kukhala ayezi youma. Carbonation ambiri kuzimitsa zakumwa flammable ndi Kulumikizana. limagwirira ndi kutsirizitsa mwayi kwa mpweya chikuonetseratu mumlengalenga ku moto moto.