Kupuma unyolo: zinchito michere

zochita zonse amuzolengedwa ku maselo a chamoyo chilichonse zimachitika ndi ndalama mphamvu. Kupuma unyolo - zinayendera nyumba yeniyeni kuti ili nembanemba lamkati la mitochondria ndi kutumikira mapangidwe ATP. Adenosine ndi zosunthika mphamvu ndipo akhoza kudziunjikira ndi KJ 80 120.

Kupuma elekitironi unyolo - ndichiyani?

Ma elekitironi ndi mapulotoni mbali yofunika kwambiri mu maphunziro mphamvu. Iwo kulenga voteji kusiyana kumbali zomenyanazo nembanemba wa mitochondria kuti amapanga anatsogoleredwa zoyenda particles - panopa. Kupuma unyolo (kuti achichepere, elekitironi zoyendera unyolo) ali mkhalapakati mu kulanda particles ndithu mlandu danga intermembrane ndi tinthu zoipa mlandu kakakulu nembanemba lamkati la mitochondria.

Udindo waukulu mu mapangidwe mphamvu yochokera kwa ATP-synthase. Izi akonzedwa zovuta mphamvu kumasintha malangizo a purotoni zoyenda pa ubwenzi mphamvu amuzolengedwa. Mwa njira, ndi pafupifupi ofanana ndi zovuta za lili chloroplasts zomera.

Ndi maofesi a michere kupuma unyolo

Elekitironi kutengerapo limodzi ndi zochita amuzolengedwa pamaso pa dongosolo enzyme. Izi zinthu biologically yogwira, makope ambiri a zomwe ndi nyumba yaikulu zovuta, amatumikira monga intermediaries mu kulanda ma elekitironi.

Maofesi a unyolo kupuma - ndi zigawo chapakati cha mayendedwe a particles mlandu. Total mtima wa kwa mayitirokondiriyoni Kakhungu 4 ndi mapangidwe amenewa, komanso ATP synthase. nyumba zonsezi kugawana cholinga wamba - okutira achichepere elekitironi kulanda mapulotoni wa hydrogen danga intermembrane ndipo monga Motero, kaphatikizidwe wa ATP.

Zovuta ndi m'bulu wa zedi, Pakati pali michere, structural ndi kusonyeza mapuloteni. Aliyense wa maofesi 4 kukwaniritsa okha ake wake khalidwe, ntchito. Tiyeni tiwone chimene ntchito mu achichepere Ano nyumba izi.

ine zovuta

The kulanda ma elekitironi mkati mwa kwa mayitirokondiriyoni Kakhungu udindo waukulu ndi ankaimba ndi unyolo kupuma. Kucotsa zimene mapulotoni hydrogen ndi ma elekitironi nawo limodzi - mmodzi wa zochita waukulu etc. Zogwiritsira loyamba unyolo zoyendera adzatenge molekyulu wa nad * H + (nyama) kapena NADP * H + (zomera), kenako pogawanikana pamawere wa mapulotoni wa hydrogen anayi. Kwenikweni, chifukwa ichi amuzolengedwa anachita zovuta Ine amatchedwanso NADH - dehydrogenase (dzina enzyme chapakati).

The zikuchokera dehydrogenase zovuta mapuloteni chitsulo sulfure monga mitundu 3, ndi flavin mononucleotide (FMN).

II zovuta

Ntchito zovuta izi siyikhuzana kulanda mapulotoni wa hydrogen danga intermembrane. Ntchito yaikulu ya nyumba imeneyi ndi kupereka ma elekitironi zina unyolo elekitironi zoyendera mwa succinate makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Chapakati enzyme zovuta - succinate-ubiquinone oxidoreductase, amene catalyzes ndi pogawanikana pamawere wa ma elekitironi ku asidi succinic ndi kusamukira ubiquinone ndi lipophilic.

Katundu mapulotoni hydrogen ndi ma elekitironi kuti zovuta chachiwiri ndi potengera anzawo * H _2. Komabe, flavin adenine dinucleotide Mwachangu poyerekeza wa analogues ake - nad kapena NADP * H * H.

The zikuchokera II tichipeza mitundu itatu zovuta mapuloteni chitsulo sulfure ndi pakati oxidoreductase enzyme succinate.

III zovuta

Mbali yotsatira ya nkhani achichepere tichipeza cytochrome b ₅₅₆ b _560, ndipo m'ma _1, komanso chitsulo sulfure mapuloteni Chiopsezo. Ntchito ya gulu lachitatu amagwirizana ndi kulanda mapulotoni wa hydrogen awiri danga intermembrane, ndi ma elekitironi ku ubiquinone lipophilic kuti cytochrome C.

Chiopsezo mbali ya mapuloteni ndi amasungunula mafuta. mapulotini ena a gulu kuti anakumana mu maofesi a unyolo kupuma, madzi sungunuka. Mbali imeneyi zimakhudza malo a mamolekyulu mapuloteni mu makulidwe a mkati nembanemba kwa mayitirokondiriyoni.

Gulu lachitatu ntchito monga ubiquinone-cytochrome m'ma oxidoreductase.

zovuta IV

Iye cytochrome-oxidant zovuta kuti nkobwerera yomaliza etc. ntchito yake kusamutsa ma elekitironi ku cytochrome C kwa ma atomu oxygen. Kenako zoipa mlandu O atomu angachite ndi mapulotoni wa hydrogen kupanga madzi. The puloteni zikuluzikulu - cytochrome m'ma oxidoreductase oxygen.

Kapangidwe ka zovuta chachinayi zikuphatikizapo cytochrome, ndi _3, ndi maatomu ziwiri zamkuwa. Udindo lalikulu kulanda ma elekitironi kuti mpweya anapita cytochrome _3. Mogwirizana kwa nyumba izi kuletsedwa asafe cyanide ndi carbon monoxide m'njira padziko lonse, kumabweretsa kuchotsa ATP kaphatikizidwe ndi chiwonongeko.

ubiquinone

Ubiquinone - vitamini ngati mankhwala, pawiri lipophilic, umene umayenda momasuka kakakulu Kakhungu lapansi. kwa mayitirokondiriyoni kupuma unyolo simungakhoze kuchita popanda dongosolo lino, mwachitsanzo. K. Ndi udindo zoyendera elekitironi ku maofesi ine ndi II kuti zovuta III.

Ubiquinone ndi benzoquinone otumphukira. Kapangidwe Izi tikhoza kunena kuti mu Mapulani Q kalata kapena chidule Ln (lipophilic ubiquinone). The makutidwe ndi okosijeni a molekyulu ndi kumabweretsa mapangidwe a semiquinone - ndi oxidizer lamphamvu, chimene ndi zikanavulaza selo.

ATP synthase

Udindo waukulu mu mapangidwe mphamvu yochokera kwa ATP-synthase. Kapangidwe amagwiritsa ntchito gribopodobnaya mphamvu imatsogoleredwa zoyenda wa particles (mapulotoni) kutembenuza mu mphamvu mankhwala.

The ndondomeko zikuluzikulu zomwe amapezeka mu achichepere ndi - ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Unyolo kupuma ndi udindo elekitironi zoyendera mu nembanemba kwa mayitirokondiriyoni thicker ndi kudzikundikira awo masanjidwewo lapansi. Imodzi, ndi maofesi a Ine, III ndi IV amawapopa mapulotoni wa hydrogen danga intermembrane. kuyang'anira kusiyana pa mbali nembanemba amatsogolera ndi kayendedwe mbali ya mapulotoni mwa ATP synthase. Popeza H + kulowa masanjidwewo, ma elekitironi zimapezeka (kuti imakhudzana ndi mpweya) kupanga chinthu ndale kwa selo - madzi.

ATP synthase F0 tichipeza ndi F1 subunits amene pamodzi kupanga rauta molekyulu. F1 tichipeza atatu atatu Alpha ndi beta subunits, amene pamodzi kupanga njira. Izi njira ali chimodzimodzi awiri yemweyo, amene mapulotoni wa hydrogen ndi. Ndi ndime ya particles ndithu mlandu kudzera ATP synthase mutu F ₀ mamolekyulu wokhota ndi madigiri 360 mozungulira nguli. Panthawi imeneyi, kuti amp kapena ADP (adenozinmono- ndi diphosphate) amagwira mankwala zotsalira ndi nsinga mkulu-mphamvu, amene anazungulira wambirimbiri mphamvu.

ATP synthase zimapezeka mu thupi, osati mitochondria lapansi. Zomera, maofesi awa amagwiritsidwa ili nembanemba wa vacuoles ndi (tonoplast), komanso thylakoids chloroplast.

Komanso nyama maselo mbewu ATPases alipo. Iwo ndi dongosolo ofanana ndi cha ATP synthase, koma zochita zawo imatsogoleredwa pa Kupha zatsalira mankwala kwa ndalama mphamvu.

Tanthauzo zamoyo unyolo kupuma

Choyamba, pomalizira pake achichepere zochita ndi otchedwa madzi kagayidwe kachakudya (300-400 ml ya patsiku). Kachiwiri, kaphatikizidwe wa ATP ndi mphamvu yosungirako m'ndende amuzolengedwa wa molekyulu ndi. Pa tsiku 40-60 makilogalamu adenosine ndi apanga, ndi chimodzimodzi ntchito enzymatic maselo zosiyanasiyana. Moyo wa kam'bulu kamodzi ka ATP ndi 1 mphindi, kotero unyolo kupuma ayenera aziyenda bwino, molondola ndi wopanda zolakwika. Apo ayi, selo adzafa.

Mitochondria amaonedwa okwerera mphamvu ya selo lililonse. Chiwerengero chawo zimadalira mphamvu zifunika ntchito zina. Mwachitsanzo, manyuroni mukhoza kuziwerenga mpaka mitochondria 1000 nthawi zambiri kupanga limodzi mu synaptic otchedwa zolengeza.

Kusiyana pakati pa unyolo kupuma zomera ndi zinyama

Zomera, ndi zina "mphamvu zomera" selo ndi chloroplast. Pa nembanemba lamkati la organelles izi zimapezekanso ATP synthase, ndipo zimenezi sapambana maselo nyama.

Komanso zomera kupulumuka mu woipa mkulu wa carbon monoxide asafe ndi cyanide chifukwa njira cyanide zosagwira mu etc. Kupuma unyolo Choncho itha nthawi ubiquinone, kumene ma elekitironi amagwira kunditumiza ku ma atomu oxygen. Chifukwa, kupatula ATP ndi apanga Komabe, chomera kupulumuka zinthu chowawa. Nyama Zikatero, kukhudzana yaitali kufa.

Tingayelekezele ndi dzuwa la nad, potengera anzawo ndi cyanide zosagwira njira mwa ATP chizindikiro mapangidwe pamene posamutsa 1 elekitironi.

• ndi nad kapena NADP popangidwa ndi 3 mamolekyulu wa ATP;
• Potengera anzawo aumbike ndi tinthu awiri ATP;
• wa cyanide ndipamene 1 zisathe njira ATP molekyulu.

Chisinthiko tanthauzo la achichepere

Zamoyo zonse eukaryotic, gweronso lalikulu la mphamvu ndi unyolo kupuma. Sayansi ATP kaphatikizidwe muchipindachi lagawidwa mitundu iwiri, gawo lapansi phosphorylation ndi phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni. Achichepere ntchito mu kaphatikizidwe wa mtundu wachiwiri wa mphamvu, mwachitsanzo. E. Chifukwa redox zosiyanasiyana.

Mu zamoyo prokaryotic ATP atangotha mu gawo lapansi phosphorylation mu siteji glycolysis. Six mpweya dzuwa (makamaka shuga) nawo mkombero anachita, ndi selo linanena bungwe amalandira mamolekyulu awiri ATP. Mtundu wa mphamvu ankaona kuti kaphatikizidwe ambiri wosazindikira, mwachitsanzo. K. Eukaryotes pa phosphorylation zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni anapanga 36 ATP mamolekyulu.

Komabe, izi sizikutanthauza kuti nyama ndi zomera lero ataya luso gawo lapansi phosphorylation. Monga mtundu wa ATP kaphatikizidwe anali yekhayo wa magawo atatu kupanga mphamvu mchipindamo.

Glycolysis mu eukaryotes chikuchitika mu cytoplasm selo. Pali michere zonse zofunika kuti akhoza adzaphatikizana shuga kuti zamoyo awiri a asidi pyruvic kupanga 2 mamolekyulu wa ATP. masitepe onse wotsatira chichitike mu masanjidwewo kwa mayitirokondiriyoni. Krebs mkombero kapena tricarboxylic asidi adzizungulira, monga amapezeka mitochondria lapansi. Izi anatseka zochita unyolo chifukwa cha zomwe lithe nad ndi potengera anzawo * H * H2. mamolekyulu awa agwiritsidwe ntchito ngati consumable mu etc.