Mankhwala opangidwa vodika

ndi chilinganizo cha mowa wamphamvu chiyani? Kodi kwenikweni? Tiyeni tione ndi Aqua regia. Izi pawiri madzi ladzala nitric ndi zidulo hydrochloric. HNO3 nitric ndi hydrochloric HCl atengedwa malinga 1: 3 ndi buku. Apa kufanizira misa mu mawu a chinthu choyera ndi 1: 2.

nkhani

Choyamba Aqua regia anafotokoza zoyerekeza-geberi. Iye anali alchemist osadziwika. Mfundo zake kufalikira ku Europe m'nthawi ya chinayi. Kale kudziwika acid amathiridwa mu Latin ntchito chilinganizo mankhwala amanenedwa ndi Aqua regia. madzi Izi zakonzedwa ndi sublimation wa osakaniza wouma alum, nitrate, sulphate mkuwa ndi amoniya mu chotengera galasi topaka. Capacitance anali okonzeka ndi chipewa kapena chivundikiro galasi.

Albert Veliky m'mabuku ake otchedwa Aqua regia Aqua secunda. Dzinali limatanthauza "vodika sekondale." Aqua prima likumasuliridwa kuti "mowa wamphamvu chachikulu" zimenezo zikutanthauza asidi nitric. Mu asayansi ena vodika chilinganizo amatchedwa Aqua regia.

Bonaventure mu 1270 kufalitsa njira yake yodalirika chozizwitsa madzimadzi: izo liquefies amoniya mu "vodika amphamvu" (Aqua fortis, asidi nitric). Bonaventure anali kupeza kuti asidi nitric akhoza kuyimisa siliva, detaching izo kwa golide. Iye anatsimikiza kuti "Aqua regia" amatha kupasuka "mfumu ya zitsulo" - golide. Koma kwa ena ankakhulupirira kuti wothandizila sangakhoze pansi kusintha.

Motero, dzina Aqua regia. Aqua regia zitsulo amaimira alchemical chizindikiro wapangidwa "R" chizindikiro ndi makalata madzi.

Aqua regia ndi Alchemy

Mu Alchemy 1597 Andreas Libavius kwa mulungu anafotokozedwa koyamba kupanga mwa kusakaniza Aqua regia ladzala ndi zidulo hydrochloric ndi nitric. Alkahest ndi zosungunulira konsekonse. kukonzekera chinaoneka monga ingatithandize wina wa ntchito yofunika kwambiri alchemy.

Aqua regia mu mchitidwe alchemy ntchito kawirikawiri zokwanira. Izi zapangitsa kuwonjezeka kwambiri kudziwa za zochita mankhwala ndi zinthu. Komanso zatsopano ofanana chinathandiza mapangidwe umagwirira luso zofufuza ndi kusanthula.

Mu ntchito za Lavoisier vodika m'botolo, "mfumu" otchedwa nitromurievoy acid. Asayansi akuganiza kuti ili mu boma gaseous ndi okusayidi cha mchitidwe chloro Muria dephlogisticated kapena acid amathiridwa.

Mu Russia, iye anali nawo maina ambiri. Mu ntchito za MV University of 1742 lili dzina la "vodika mfumu." M. Parpua mu 1796 kuti "Aqua regia". vv Petrov mu 1801 anawapatsa dzina asidi nitrate-hydrochloric, ndi GI Hess mu 1831 amanenela asidi azotnovodohlornoy. Common ndi zina mayina a madzimadzi izi.

Mu Russian, mawu akuti "mowa wamphamvu" anaonekera m'nthawi ya chinayi. Ndi diminutive la mawu akuti "madzi" ndipo anatenga mtengo mpaka m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chinayi. Komanso, mawu ali kumwa "", poyamba zinali chinenero. Izo zinali kokha kumayambiriro m'ma vodika anakhala mizimu zikutanthauza.

katundu

Aqua regia ali ndi mtundu wachikasu-lalanje ndi fungo amphamvu a asafe woipa ndi chlorine. Mwatsopano anakonza madzi colorless, koma mwachangu amakhala lalanje.

Kodi akukonzekera Aqua regia? Chilinganizo chidwi kwambiri. Mu zimene HNO3 ndi HCI osakaniza zovuta katundu ndi ntchito yapamwamba, lomwe ndi anzake ndipo ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira ufulu. madzimadzi Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa oxidizers amphamvu kwambiri. osakaniza zakonzedwa mwachindunji asanayambe ntchito, monga pamene kasungidwe ka akuswa ndi wotaya makhalidwe zobwera chifukwa cha okosijeni:

3HCl + HNO3 = 2Cl + NOCl + 2H2O

NOCl = NO + CL

2NO + O2 = 2No2

Mwachangu wa Aqua regia monga oxidant amatanganidwa kwambiri ndi kucheperachepera kuthekera makutidwe ndi okosijeni wa zitsulo. Ichi ndi chifukwa mapangidwe mankhwala mankhwala enaake zovuta. Complexation mu oxidizing asidi sing'anga limachititsa kuti kupatulira zitsulo zimenezi ndi ntchito otsika monga pulatinamu, golide ndi palladium, ngakhale firiji.

ntchito

madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati reagent mu Laboratories mankhwala. Iwo glassware anali mwayeretsa ku kuda organic. Aqua regia ntchito assaying zitsulo highborn ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo awo, pamene zo a pulatinamu ndi golide pokonza chlorides zitsulo ndi zina zotero.

vodika

Otchedwa mowa wamphamvu, colorless mowa chakumwa. Izi madzi madzi mowa popanda fungo akuoneka ndi kukoma. mphamvu ya mowa wamphamvu angakhale chosiyana: mogwirizana ndi mfundo Russian - 40-45% ndipo 50-56% ndi buku, pa Malamulo a EU - osachepera 37,5%.

Chakale mowa wamphamvu ndiyo njira wokongola chidwi - C2H5OH 40% + H2O 60%. Kupanga ndondomeko ya ntchito yokonza madzi wapangidwa ndi madzi kudzudzulidwa komanso kusakaniza kudzatha ethyl mowa yotengedwa kuchokera ku chakudya yaiwisi, ndi madzi zochepa. The osakaniza madzi mowa kapena wowuma kusinthidwa kukonzedwa ndi adamulowetsa makala. Ndiye osasankhidwa, kupanga zosakaniza wosakaniza ndi kusefera mobwereza choperekedwa ku ogula ma CD. Kukongoletsa chotsirizidwa, motero.

No zochepa chidwi ndi mankhwala opangidwa ndi mphamvu vodika 40,0 - 45,0% ndi fungo wapadera ndi kukoma. mafuta wotchedwa wapadera. Lake kupereka mwa kulowetsa zosiyanasiyana zosakaniza, flavoring ndi zina zonunkhira.

Pamene zimabwezera ntchito zonse za mowa wamphamvu ndi mowa odalirana ndi kusiya.

Mendeleev

nthano zambiri mu Russia za "owawa." Chimodzi mwa nthano anatchula mogwirizana ndi maonekedwe a mowa wamphamvu Di ntchito Mendeleev. Iwo anali ngati maziko a nkhani yolembedwa wake digirii, imene inkatchedwa "Pa kugwirizana mowa ndi madzi."

O, izi chilinganizo Mendeleev mowa wamphamvu! Kodi kwenikweni? Mfundo limatiuza za zotsatirazi:

• Kugwira nkhani yolembedwa, asayansi anatulukira katundu kodabwitsa kwa madzi madzi mowa. osakaniza anali ndende ya 43% Mowa ndi buku ndi osamvetseka inagunda pa zamoyo.
• Ndi ndende ngati wa madzi madzi mowa akhoza zimapezeka kokha mwa kusakaniza mbali mwa kulemera kwa mowa ndi madzi.
• Kuchokera pa mfundo zimenezi, Mendeleev anakhoza kukhala chiphunzitso amatchedwa "Moscow wapadera". azidzipereka izi mu 1894, anali okhala ndi boma Russian monga dziko Russian mowa wamphamvu.

Kumene, Di Mendeleev konse mbali mu chilengedwe kapena wamakono wa mowa wamphamvu. Ochepa ntchito zake zinali kenako ntchito kupanga madzi.