Kusamuka kwa nyama zitsanzo, zimayambitsa, mitundu. N'chifukwa chiyani nyama kupanga kusamuka chiyani?

Kodi mukudziwa chifukwa chake pali kusamuka nyama? 7 kalasi amaphunzira za mu kalasi zamoyo. Ndipo ngakhale ndiye, pamene akuyendayenda zinsinsi za sayansi zamoyo chikumbumtima wayamba kuphunzitsa ana kumvetsa mfundo tsiku ndi tsiku anthu amasamukira, kusamuka nyama. Ndipo ngati ndi bwino kumvetsa chifukwa onse chimodzimodzi.

Kusamuka nyama (balati migratio.) - kayendedwe zonse gulu la nyama ndi kusintha kwa malo waukulu wopita makamaka. Ambiri ngati chodabwitsa mu mbalame (zonsezi taona kugwa Kusamuka kwa storks, atsekwe, abakha, starlings ndi mbalame zina) ndi nsomba. Kupita nyama anaphunzira zochepa. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo ali makamaka mobisa moyo, kuwatsatira Sutha.

Migrations ndi kutchulidwa dziphunzitsiranso chikhalidwe, mbali ya dziko nyama Timaona zosiyanasiyana mitundu ndi anatuluka mu njira ya kusanduka.

migrations nyengo ndi khalidwe zambiri mbalame, okhala M'madera a zitunda kotentha. iwonso ena nyama: kusintha malo wildebeest, caribou, mitundu ina ya mileme, nsomba (Nsombazi, European njoka yam'madzi), zokwawa (nyanja kamba), nkhanu (lobusitara), tizilombo (agulugufe).

N'chifukwa chiyani nyama kupanga kusamuka chiyani?

Chifukwa chachikulu kayendedwe ka nyama - kusintha malo, nthawi zambiri choyipa. Mwachitsanzo, caribou achoke isanayambike yozizira, ku Titafika pamalo kwa Titafika pamalo chifukwa chosowa chakudya ndi n'kovuta kupanga ake m'dera yokutidwa ndi chipale chofewa. A kusamuka nyengo ya nyama tosaoneka ndi madzi osaya ku magawo ozama nyanja ndi ogwirizana ndi kusintha kutentha madzi.

No zolinga zosafuni- - kubereka, pamene nyama akusowa zosiyana kwa kubereka ana. Chifukwa china kusamuka amagwirizana ndi masoka achilengedwe. tikambirana chiyani m'nkhani ino chitsanzo aliyense wa zifukwa.

Species kusamuka

Conventionally, mitundu iwiri ya kusamuka tingaone - udakali chabe. The yogwira kusamuka nyama kusiyanitsa subtypes zingapo: kayendedwe nyengo ndi (pa wotheratu), wokhazikika (yopingasa ndi ofukula), zaka. Yesetsani kumvetsa chimene chimapanga uliwonse wa zamoyo.

Motero, nyengo (tsiku) kusamuka nyama. Zitsanzo za magulu amenewa yabwino anawona nsomba ndi mbalame. Pakali pano, sayansi amadziwa za okwana 8,500 mitundu ya mbalame, ambiri mwa amangokhala, ngakhale sachedwa kusamuka mwa malo mu nthawi kuswana. Nyengo kayendedwe nthenga hibernation wamkulu wa chibadidwe okhalamo Arctic ndi M'madera a zitunda kotentha: ndi njira ya nyengo yozizira mbalame zimauluka mu lililonse limatisokoneza, nyengo ofunda.

Choona chidwi: ikuluikulu mbalame, mtunda wautali kwambiri limayenda, wamng'ono mbalame zosamukasamuka akhale mu mlengalenga maola 90 mosalekeza kugonjetsa njira mpaka 4000 Km.

Komanso nsomba amasamukira vertically: pamene mvula pafupifupi padziko, m'chilimwe kapena yozizira - amakonda kuya kwa madzi. Koma nsomba ziwiri zokha kusintha malo awo bwino - ndi nsomba ndi njoka yam'madzi European. Zachilendo koma zoona: kusintha kwa Madamu ndi mchere ndi madzi akupita ku nsomba kawiri pa moyo wanga - pobadwa ndi nyengo kuswana Komabe, izi amangonena za akazi amene, pambuyo mazira atagona akuphedwa.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa nthawi ya spawning nsomba bulauni zimbalangondo, nayenso, amasamukira, kusiya nkhalango, yothetsa pa mitsinje lokhala ndi nsomba. Choncho, likukhalira kuti kutsatira gwero chakudya.

Monga tanenera kale, nthawi kusamuka nyama akhoza kugawidwa mu subspecies awiri: yopingasa ndi choimirira. Taganizirani zinthuzo mwatsatanetsatane.

Cham'mbali kusamuka nyama kugwirizana ndi kayendedwe ka nyama kukafunafuna chakudya. Mwachitsanzo, chinsomba imvi m'chilimwe anasamukira ku Ocean Arctic kwa Atlantic (subtropical, otentha gawo), kumene pa nthawi ino ndi zonse zomera - waukulu chinsomba chakudya.

kusamuka ofukula chibadidwe nyama ya m'mapiri, omwe m'nyengo yozizira pansi mu nkhalango, ndi m'chilimwe, monga matalala mgwirizano ndi moto udzu m'chigwa, kukwera kumbuyo phirilo.

Pali chinthu monga msinkhu kusamuka nyama. magulu amenewa zavumbulutsidwa bwino ndi chitsanzo cha carnivores lalikulu. Choncho, nyalugwe, kwenikweni ake, nyama yekhayekha ndi malire chake chachikulu, umene masamba okhaokha pamene zikufuna. Anabadwa ana amakhala ndi mayi awo mpaka zaka kukhwima kugonana (kawirikawiri 3-4 zaka), Kenako amuna anasiyanitsidwa ndi kusiya banja pofunafuna lawo.

Zimayambitsa kusamuka ndi zitsanzo

Ife kale analankhula za chimene chinayambitsa chodabwitsa monga kusamuka nyama. Zitsanzo oimira yeniyeni zambiri zokhudza nkhani.

Tiyeni tiyambe ndi oyamba a nsomba ziwiri zokha za mtundu imvera kayendedwe. Zikuphatikizapo nsomba ndi njoka yam'madzi European. Pali mitundu zina, kusamuka uziphunzitse, koma za ina. Ndiye n'chifukwa kusamuka nsomba? Chifukwa chiyani?

Kusintha nsomba malo

Anadromous nsomba - mitundu imene amakhala malo makamaka, koma kuswana nthawi ukasintha amasintha ake. Chifukwa chiyani?

Salmon (balati. Salmo salar) anabadwira mu madzi, ndiye ndi otaya mtsinje ikuyenda mofulumira mu nyanja, nyanja, kumene akukhala zaka 5-7 pokonzekera msinkhu. Ndiyeno nthawi yaitali - anthu anakulira ndi wokonzeka kusiya mwana. Basi chinthu - amakonda madzi amchere, koma ana amakana kuonekera mu kuwala kwake. Nsomba "amakumbukira" amene anabadwa mu madzi, kutanthauza kuti m'pofunika m'malo mchere m'nyanja zamchere ku mitsinje, ndi bwino - paphiripo. Kumeneko, zinthu zabwino kwambiri kwa kubalana. Koma si makolo onse kukwaniritsa cholinga chanu wolakalakika - pano pakhala mdani amene deftly limagwira nsomba phiri mtsinje, analinkung'ambika mimba ndi kudya kutali okhawo zimaswana. Angathe chotero bulauni chimbalangondo, amene womangidwa kwa kusamuka nyama - gwero la chakudya.

European njoka yam'madzi (Latin Anguilla Anguilla.) - ndi chosiyana kwambiri ndi nsomba za. Ziphuphu zakumaso wobadwa saltwater Sargasso Nyanja, izi zimachitika pa akuya mamita 400. Wamkazi umabala kuwala pafupifupi theka la mazira amene pochitika mu larva ofanana msondodzi tsamba. Mphutsi za kusiyana zake zikuluzikulu makolo awo dzina osiyana - Leptocephalus. Pa chitsanzo cha nsomba tingaganizire mwatsatanetsatane mtundu wa kusamuka chabe: mphutsi kutuluka pamwamba, zokumbira awo kwa Gulf Stream, ndi zina zaka zitatu anasamukira ku ofunda madzi ku gombe la gawo Loona za Europe ndi ku Asia. Pa nthawi imeneyi itayamba Leptocephalus njoka yam'madzi chabe chiwerengero -. About 6 masentimita Pa nthawi imeneyi, njoka yam'madzi anasamukira ku mitsinje, kukweza mtsinje, nsomba lidzasinthidwa wamkulu. Umatero 9 kapena mwina zaka 12 (kenanso), eels tikule kugonana, lakuthwa kusiyana jenda kuonekera mu mtundu. Ndi nthawi zimaswana - kumbuyo mu nyanja.

Kusamuka kwa nyama

Gray chinsomba (balati. Eschrichtius robustus) amakhala Ocean Arctic, koma, zodabwitsa, akazi ndi amuna ochokera October anayamba kusunthira kum'mwera m'mphepete. Ndi December-January nthunzi umalandira Gulf of California, kumene madzi ofunda anayamba amamuchitira ndi kubadwa, kenako amuna anabwerera kumpoto, ndi akazi apakati ndi anthu ndi ana kunyumba March-April.

Mimba zinsomba kumatenga za chaka, kotero mu madzi ofunda, kapena tiziganiza, kapena amabweretsa kuwala mbewu yatsopano. Kwa achinyamata ndikofunika - choyamba masabata 2-3 moyo, ana m'madzi ofunda kudzalandira thupi mafuta, amene amalola kuti abwerere kwa nkhanza Arctic Ocean.

Pa chitsanzo cha mbawala tingazifotokoze chinthu monga njira ya kusamuka nyama. Mbawala ofanana "mbawala" (kuchokera ku Latin. Alces alces), anagawira mu zone nkhalango ya kumpoto kwa dziko lapansi. Mwamsanga pamene chisanu choyamba, mitsinje okutidwa ndi ayezi, mbawala akuyamba kusamukira ku madera kum'mwera, kumene kukula anakhalabe udzu mchere musati amaundana. N'zochititsa chidwi, kusamuka kwa October kwa January, mphalapala panjira Wopondedwa ndi Phazi: zizindikiro loyamba la akazi ndi amuna achichepere kuwalimbikitsa. Pobwerera nyama adzabwezedwa njira yomweyo, koma tsopano amuna ndi patsogolo, kuchotsa njira kuchokera amadyera wodzaza. Ndi njira ya gulu la malo asamayendeyende - akazi osakwatiwa mbali imodzi, akazi ndi ana a ng'ombe - ndi mzake, amuna - wachitatu.

Tigers (. Balati panthera Tigirisi), mamembala waukulu wa mphaka, ndi moyo umodzi kwa mkazi amatenga 50 km² m'gawo munthu kwa amuna - mpaka makilomita 100 lalikulu. msonkhano udzachitika pa kuswana nyengo, ambiri akazi amakopa wamwamuna yokha, kusiya zosiyanasiyana zolemba. Manyowa nyalugwe, akadzabweranso amuna m'gawo lake kapena kufunafuna yaikazi lotsatira.

Apa tikuona chitsanzo cha kusamuka nyama mwa malo, koma kuphwanya mayiko. Latsopano mbewu amakhala ndi mayi wake utali wonse pamene "ana" saphunzira kusaka, amene chimaonetsa nthawi yaitali. Choncho, ali wamng'ono ndi tigress pamaso msinkhu, kenako wakula toyesa ndi kugonjetsa dera latsopano. Zitsanzo za zaka kusamuka akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ndi kale anafotokoza European njoka yam'madzi.

Unyinji kusamuka nyama wamba kuti mitundu yambiri koma kayendedwe ka mileme - ndi yosatheka kuneneka anthu. Kwenikweni mileme sachedwa moyo wongokhala, koma ngati nyama moyo mu zone ya kotentha, muli kupita yozizira kum'mwera. Ngati mpweya kutentha m'nyengo yozizira kusungidwa pakati pa 0 ° C, ndi zibonga akhoza overwinter mu attics nyumba. Panthawi imeneyi, mbewa kugwera yozizira kugona. Pamene amakakamizidwa mileme kusamuka Tikutsatira achibadwidwe, timayenda pa maulendo amene amagwiritsidwa ntchito ku mibadwomibadwo.

Taganizirani za kusamuka ofukula ndi Atchule okhala m'mapiri. Mu mapiri, pamalo okwera zikwi mamita, zachilendo zooraznoobrazie: chinchilla, matalala akambuku, cougars, mbuzi, nkhosa, yaks, mlombwa grosbeak, woyera-opindika m'makona fizanti, Kea. Pakuti onse okhala okwera amakhala ndi ubweya wakuda ndi nthenga kuteteza nyama hypothermia. Ena mwa nyama yozizira mu kamakumba una zimabisala ndi mbalame mu mphako ya miyala zisa ndi amasangalala magulu. Koma oimira hoofed pansi pa phazi la ovuta kukafunafuna chakudya, m'mbuyo mwawo muli zilombo zolusa, kuthamangitsa nyama zawo.

Chidwi mfundo: The mbuzi phiri ndi nkhosa amatha amasamukira m'miyala, popanda pakupita pa njinga phiri. Ndipo mathokozo onse ndi kapangidwe wapadera wa ziboda ndi: ndi mapadi zofewa ali kubwezeretsedwa msanga, ziboda angathe ambiri kusuntha padera, chimene chiri chofunika pamene galimoto pa mtunda miyala.

Chifukwa kusintha kwa malo malo mbalame

mbalame zosamukasamuka ali anamuona pa Chigawo onse kumpoto ndi kum'mwera. The akuthwa nyengo zikusintha, ndi ndege zina kutchulidwa. Odziwika kuti ife asanalire ndipo njiwa ndi kusamukira ngati amakhala kumpoto, kumene ankhanza, achisanu nyengo kumana mbalame foraging mwayi. Okhala kum'mwera kwa Ulaya amangokhala chifukwa chosowa kusintha mwadzidzidzi kutentha. Khalidwe la mbalame mu Africa muno nthawi yomweyo Tingaone ngati kusuntha kuchokera kumpoto mpaka kummwera ndi kuchokera kum'mwera mpaka kumpoto. Chifukwa migrations awa ndi chobisika zokonda nyengo konyowa kapena youma.

Mbalame akhoza kupanga ndege yaitali ndithu. Mwachitsanzo, malo a dokowe woyera (balati Ciconia ciconia.) - mu Europe ndi wintering mbalame mu Africa, nthawi 2 chaka kugonjetsa mtunda mu 10-15 zikwi makilomita .. Koma wapadera kwambiri mwa mbalame zosamukasamuka - Arctic Tern (Latin Sterna paradisaea.). zisa Tern mu Titafika pamalo, apa kumabweretsa anapiye. M'dzinja izo zimachokera mu Chigawo cha kum'mwera, ndi kasupe akubwereranso. Choncho, kawiri pa chaka mbalame chililaka 17 chikwi. Km. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu kasupe ndi autumn tern zouluka njira zosiyana.

kusunthira zokwawa

Tiyeni tione chitsanzo pa nyanja kamba (balati. Cheloniidae), kodi ndi chifukwa cha migrations Unyinji wa nyama. Nyanja akamba kubereka yekha m'malo ena. Choncho, Atlantic Ridley (balati. Lepidochelys kempii) replicates pa chilumba osakwatira Mexico, komwe mu 1947 asayansi za 42 chikwi. Akazi ndiwo anawerengedwa, amene tidapita kuikira mazira.

Ndiyamika maolivi nyanja kamba (balati. Lepidochelys olivacea) Mawu akuti "arribida" anaonekera Science. Chodabwitsa ndi chakuti mazana maolivi Ridley tsiku limodzi muti amamuchitira, ndiye ndi chilumba, akazi pafupifupi imodzi kupanga atagona mamiliyoni mazira.

nkhanu chifukwa migrate

Lobster (balati. Achelata) umapangitsanso pa nthawi inayake. Zimayambitsa kusamuka mitundu komabe kufotokoza sayansi. Mu kugwa kwa nkhanu za mtundu pamodzi ndi convoy ya anthu ambiri ndi kupanga ulendo kuchokera Bimini Islands ku Grand Bahama Bank. Ngakhale pali m'modzi yekha mafotokozedwe Wonenedwa kwa khalidwe: kugwa umayamba kuchepa masana imene imapangitsa kusintha lobusitara malo.

Spiny lobusitara (balati. Panulirus argus) amadziwikanso ankaona kuti nthumwi ya nkhanu woyendayendawu. M'nyengo yozizira oyambirira, iye amapita ku madzi zakuya. Asayansi ankakhulupirira kuti chifukwa anasamutsa lobusitara - kubereka, koma patapita anapezeka kuti dzira-kuika amapezeka kwambiri kenako kusamuka, miyezi yochepa. Asayansi kuitana zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kusintha kwa malo lobusitara malo. Mwachitsanzo, amakhulupirira kuti kusamuka wa nkhanu izi - ndi chidina wa Ice Age, pamene ali ndi yozizira pakuya otentha madzi.

Kusamuka kwa nkhanu za mtundu - akuona zodabwitsa kwambiri! mazana angapo anthu mizati kusuntha mmodzi. Kodi chidwi kwambiri, nkhanu za mtundu kulankhulana zonse ndi mzake. Ndiye, aliyense ndi kumbuyo, atagwira mlongoti ake chigoba cha munthu amene akupitirira.

Zitsanzo za migrations tizilombo

Agulugufe mfumu (Latin Danaus plexippus.) - wotchuka wokhala North America. Zikafika cha kusamuka nyama zindikirani ake m'dera la Ukraine, Russia, Azores, Africa North. Mu Mexico, Michoacan State, ngakhale agulugufe malo.

Pa nkhani ya kusamuka ndi mkulu kusiyana tizilombo: mfumu - mmodzi wa oimira ochepa a kalasi ake, angathe ankadutsa nyanja ya Atlantic Ocean. Kale mu August, ndi mafumu ayamba amasamukira kudera kum'mwera. The moyo amayembekezeka gulugufe ichi - pafupifupi miyezi iwiri, kotero kusamuka nyama amatenga mibadwo.

Diabase - kubalana gawo, yomwe ibwela mfumu, amene anabadwa mu chilimwe, kulola gulugufe ndi moyo pafupifupi 7 miyezi ndi kufika malo wintering. Agulugufe ali ndi zodabwitsa "dzuwa kachipangizo", amene amalola wachitatu, wachinayi-m'badwo kubwerera kumpanda yozizira makolo. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti nyengo yabwino kwambiri agulugufe adawoneka Bermuda, pamene ena tizilombo chaka chonse.

Amasamukira ndi mitundu European. Agulugufe Mwachitsanzo, chisanu ndi zimasokoneza mu Africa North ndi ana awo kupita kumpoto ndi yopezetsa chilimwe m'badwo, ndiye ntchentche ku Africa. Mbiriyakale imadzibwereza yokha mu kasupe.

Kodi chidwi, utoto dona kuuluka m'magulu ndipo imachititsa mtunda wa makilomita 500 pa tsiku. Onse iwo akhoza kuuluka 5000 kukafika pa kusamuka! Ndipo liwiro ali m'malo chachikulu - ndi 25-30 km / ola.

Ena agulugufe amasamukira si nthawi zonse, koma malingana ndi zinthu. Zikuphatikizapo ming'oma, swallowtail, NYMPHALIS ANTIOPA, kabichi, asilikali. Onse a mitundu amenewa akupezeka North ndi Europe Central, koma ikhoza kusunthidwa kum'mwera m'mikhalidwe yovuta.

Koma oleander Mphamba njenjete, mwachitsanzo, pachaka amapanga amayenda Turkey ndi Africa North mu kum'mawa kwa Ulaya Central. Pali agulugufe izi zimasokoneza, koma mwatsoka, ambiri a ana awo kufa pa nyengo yozizira. Spring kuchokera kum'mwera anasamukira ku m'badwo wotsatira.

Small ndi Mawuwo

Pano tili ndi pang'ono amazindikira ndicho chifukwa chake nyama kupanga kusamuka. Inde, zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, koma ine ndikufuna kutchula awiri ambiri. Tonse kumbukirani nkhani ya Mowgli, makamaka nthawi pamene m'nkhalango anabwera nthawi ya chilala. nyama zonse anakopekera rivulet kokha, kumene adali chakuti akuoneni parity: onse ngofanana, kusaka - ndi taboo. kusamuka izi zikuchitika, monga ulamuliro, mkati osiyanasiyana malo kumene nyama (makamaka okhala steppes, theka-zipululu, m'zipululu) mu nthawi ya chilala amasamukira kukafunafuna chakudya ndi madzi ku malo malo, nthawi zambiri anthu a ungulates. Komabe, kayendedwe ka ng'ombe, nkhosa kumatanthauza yosamutsa ena ogwirira (afisi, miimba), amene ayenera kukhala pafupi ndi chakudya. Choncho, chakudya ndi madzi amakakamizidwa kupita ku ulendo gulu lalikulu la nyama za mitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Chifukwa chachikulu - kubalana. Yogwira kusamuka nyama pa kuswana nyengo, makamaka akamba nyanja, chidwi ndi zochititsa chidwi.

Anachoka mitundu yambiri ya nyama imodzi mwa malo okhala, ena kuyenda zikwi makilomita kukwaniritsa nyengo yabwino; ena wachibadidwe kagwiridwe (kumbukirani Nsombazi ndi njoka yam'madzi European).

Inde, kusamuka nyama zosiyana ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana, zosiyana, koma onse ogwirizana ndi chinthu chimodzi - ludzu moyo.