Kuswana - ndichiyani? Kuswana kwa zomera ndi zinyama

Woyambitsa wa maganizo "kusankha" ndi Charles Darwin, amene anali wokhoza kufotokoza mbali ya kusintha majini ndi kusankha yokumba mu chilengedwe ndi chitukuko cha Mitundu latsopano ndi mitundu.

ndi kusankha chimene

Tanthauzo anakonza motere: "kuswana - ndi kuphunzira njira kwa chilengedwe ndi kusintha kwa mitundu ya zomera mbewu, Mitundu ya nyama ndi tizilombo ta tizilombo."

Zosiyanasiyana kapena mtundu - uyu ndi munthu anapanga zinthu yokumba anthu ambiri amene ali phindu kwambiri kwa munthu: ali zaphindu makhalidwe cholowa, zokolola mkulu, m'pofunika thupi ndi magawo morphological.

Kusankha (zikutanthauza chiyani - kuphunzira zambiri za sayansi), yodziwika ndi maonekedwe a Mitundu nyama zoweta, nyama, komanso mitundu yatsopano ya mbewu, chifukwa kusankha yokumba, chomwe munthu angathe kugwiritsa ntchito.

mitundu Cultural yodziwika ndi chakuti iwo ndi amphamvu kwambiri anayamba makhalidwe ena ndi thupi ndi zovuta kulibe mu chilengedwe, koma zothandiza kwa anthu. A chitsanzo chapadera ndi luso mazira nkhuku kwa mazana atatu chaka. Mu chilengedwe, mbali ya mbalame chingakhale chopanda phindu, kuyambira nkhuku sadzatha kukhala kunja mazira mazana atatu.

mabuku a mbiri yakale

Kumayambiriro linakhalapo, izo zinali njira kusankha yokumba wa kuswana. Kodi ndi ntchito kalavulagaga kwa zaka zambiri, umalimbana yodalirika makamaka mbali zothandiza - iwo akudziwa obereketsa. Patsogolo m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, kuswana kusankha chikomokere. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akasankha mbewu zikuluzikulu akolole, popanda kuganizira kuti mbewu kale kusintha m'njira yoyenera munthu.

Ndipo pafupi anthu zana zaka otsiriza anayamba, komabe popanda kuphunzira mfundo ndi malamulo a chibadwa purposefully mwadala kuwoloka zomera ngati kuti bwino kukwaniritsa amafuna ndi zosowa.

Koma mwa kusankha yokumba, munthu akanakhoza kulenga mitundu yatsopano ya zamoyo. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi, mukhoza kusankha yekha genotypes amene alipo kale mu anthu. N'chifukwa chake panopa ntchito mwakusakaniza, anatilola kupeza zatsopano mbewu zosiyanasiyana ndipo Mitundu nyama.

ndi zomera kuswana Kodi

Zofunika kwambiri njira ya kusankha zomera ndi mwakusakaniza ndi kusankha. Zomera mtanda mungu ntchito kusankha ikuluikulu ya katundu kufunika. Apo ayi, inu simungakhoze kupeza mfundo zofunikira ntchito. Ndiyamika njira imeneyi, mitundu yatsopano ya zomera mtanda mungu zilipo (mwachitsanzo rye). mitundu amenewa ndi osiyana kwenikweni. Koma mizere koyera asayansi ntchito kusankha munthu, imene chifukwa cha kudzikonda kubereketsa zomera n'zotheka mabuku apamwamba ndi makhalidwe zofunika ndi mbali.

Chifukwa kuswana mbewu kaŵirikaŵiri kwambiri ntchito polyploidy experimental iliyonse pa polyploidy amakhala ndi mkulu zokolola, chachikulu ndi kukula ndi mofulumira.

Palinso njira mutagenesis yokumba, amene ankaona ndi Vavilov. thupi, kugonjera ndi kusintha ndi kukhala katundu watsopano, wotchedwa owukira, ndi ndondomeko ya kusintha - kusintha.

kuswana makamaka nyama

Kodi kusankha nyama - si wovuta kuyankha. Ndi zofanana kwambiri ndi kuswana zomera, koma ali ndi peculiarities. Kumbukirani kuti nyama ndi khalidwe chabe la kubereka. Chifukwa chosowa kwambiri kusintha M'BADWO (nyama zambiri Patapita zaka zingapo), chiwerengero cha anthu mu ana a ang'ono kwambiri. N'chifukwa chake, kuchititsa kuswana ntchito, asayansi ayenera kudziwa mbali zonse kunja khalidwe la mtundu wina.

kuweta

ndi kusankha mu zamoyo chiyani? Tanthauzo chikuperekedwa maphunziro kusukulu. Kupambana zofunika anthu ambiri anali kuweta nyama zakutchire zaka zoposa zikwi khumi zapitazo. Motero, anthu adzakhala ndi gwero zonse chakudya.

Pet yodziwika ndi pamaso pa mbali yapadera amakhala zoipa kuli zachilengedwe, koma munthu makamaka phindu positive. Factor wa kuweta ndi kupanga kusankha anthu kuti zosowa anthu. Anthu kusankha nyama ankaona zabwino, khalidwe chete ndi zina n'chofunika munthu.

Kamodzi chikomokere anaonekera methodical kusankha. Cholinga chake - kulenga nyama zofunika ndiponso zothandiza khalidwe.

kuweta nyama yatsopano njira ankachita munthu lero. Izi ziyenera Mwachitsanzo, kutulutsa tsitsi apamwamba. Choncho, nthambi yatsopano a makampani - ulimi ubweya.

Cross-kuswana ndi kusankha

Kusankha (tanthauzo anthu - mungaphunzire ndi kuwerenga nkhaniyi) amachitira ndi njira monga nyama mtanda kuswana. Izi zachitika kusintha maonekedwe, khalidwe nyama kapena mkaka kuchuluka mafuta. Anthu amene zimaŵetedwa ali ayesedwa osati maonekedwe awo, komanso khalidwe la ana awo. N'chifukwa chake n'kofunika kwambiri kuphunzira mbadwo wawo.

Panthawi pali mitundu iwiri ya mitanda: inbreeding ndi outbreeding. Yoyamba amakhala ndi ulendo wa anthu osati mmodzi, koma Mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komanso okhwima kusankha akhoza kukhalabe ndi makhalidwe abwino zothandiza ndi kuonjezera chiwerengero chawo cha ana.

Pa inbreeding makolo ntchito ndi ana kapena abale. Chifukwa ndizi izi kuchuluka homozygosity ndi wotetezedwa makhalidwe wapatali mbewu.

Mwakusakaniza kumakhudza wotsika, chifukwa ambiri hybrids interspecific ndi nyama yopanda chonde.

ndi kusankha zinthu standardization chiyani? Mfundo imeneyi imafotokoza ntchito ndi kusankha zinthu zina, anapeza zoyenera ulimi wawo patsogolo ndi ntchito muzochitika zones za moyo wa munthu.

Kusankha tizilombo

Tizilombo mbali yofunika kwambiri mu biosphere, ndipo mwachindunji ku moyo wa munthu. Anthu amagwiritsa mazana tizilombo, ndipo chiwerengero chawo ikukula chaka chilichonse.

Kusankha tizilombo amakhala ndi mbali zingapo. Obereketsa wasungira kuchuluka wopandamalire zakuthupi. Popeza jini ya haploid chilichonse chamoyo asayansi kuona kusintha mu m'badwo woyamba. Mabakiteriya ndi ochepa majini, choncho kugwira ntchito mosavuta kwambiri komanso waliwiro.

Mabakiteriya akhoza mosadalira kubala opindulitsa mankhwala anthu, ndipo katundu wawo amagwiritsa kusankha tizilombo. njira kukonza majini makampani ndi chiyani? akonzedwa Izi zochita, n'zothandiza mabakiteriya kubala mankhwala awa omwe si opangidwa mu pompo-pompo.

Nthawi zina obereketsa ntchito transduction - ndi kunditumiza ku bakiteriya wina kuti DNA wina anakhumba, chotero kuwonjezera kufunika kwa tizilombo kuwonongeka kwa zachilengedwe.

Njira yofunika ya kusankha ntchito ndi tizilombo - mwakusakaniza tizilombo ta osiyana. Njira imeneyi zimathandiza inu kuphatikiza zipangizo kuti akhoza sanalembedwepo pa chikhalidwe.

Monga kuswana ntchito ikuchitika

ndi kusankha mu zamoyo chiyani? Khama limakupatsani kuphunzira za zatsopano ndi mitundu, mitundu ndi chiwerengero cha zamoyo. Pakali pano, ntchito zonse kuswana ikuchitika kutenga nkhani yakuti kufunika ya misika ya zaulimi ndi kupanga. Mwachitsanzo, asayansi apanga wapadera yobwezeretsanso luso mankhwala mafuta, ndi luso kuwasandutsa zothandiza mapuloteni-vitamini mankhwala. Izi anabwera chifukwa cha wosankhidwa wa mitundu bakiteriya.

ndi kusankha mu zamoyo chiyani? Mbali yofunika kwambiri ya sayansi ntchito limene limathandiza munthu kuti mankhwala chakudya apamwamba ndi mitundu yatsopano ya ulimi wamakono.