Leshek Baltserovich, Polish zachuma: yonena, ntchito

Pafupifupi zaka makumi atatu zapitazo, Poland anatha zinasintha chuma chawo. Popanda dziko sanayambe wakhoza kukhala pa ndime ndi maiko a ku Ulaya. Ndipo kusintha awa awiri bambo. The oyamba - Leshek Baltserovich. zachuma Izi wanzeru basi anakonza njira yoti kusintha mu chuma. Chachiwiri - Leh Valensa. Iye anayambitsa kukonza moyo pa utsogoleri wake. Popanda kanjedza awiri odziwika a Poland, imene ife tikudziwa tsopano chabe kuti kulibe. Iwo anakwanitsa chinachake kuti sizichitika mu andale onse positi-Soviet, ndi wofunitsitsa kusintha msika ndi mfundo European. Tsopano Balcerowicz munda wa ntchito ndi Ukraine. Poland anakhala membala EU, koma izo kuthandiza "mankhwala mantha" mu nthawi ino?

yonena

Tsogolo Polish zachuma anabadwa m'tauni yaing'ono ya Lipno, umene unali pakati pa Wroclaw ndi Poznan mu 1947. Kuyambira ali mwana anasonyeza mphamvu wabwino kuphunzira. Mu 1970, Leshek Baltserovich maphunziro Dipatimenti ya Trade okhonda pa Warsaw Main School of Planning ndi Statistics ulemu. Kenako anapitiriza maphunziro ake kunja. Mu 1974, Balcerowicz analandira digiri mbuye ku St. University Johns, limene lili ku New York. Kenako anabwerera ku Warsaw. Pali mu 1975 anali kufotokoza zolemba pamaphunziro ake digirii. Mu 1980s oyambirira, Balcerowicz limodzi ndi "Umodzi". Wotsutsana ndi Communist Party m'gulu ambiri anzeru ovomereza-Western, technocrats a mbadwo wake. Balcerowicz sanali amathandiza kwambiri mu "Umodzi", koma anatsala pang'ono kuti ntchito ndi "Network." The yamasika mgwirizano wa makampani amene amagwirizana pansi pa mothandizidwa wa chipanichi. Choncho lingaliro la "mankhwala mantha" kwa Poland. Zinali bwino kusintha ndandanda mu chuma msika.

ntchito Early

Monga mmene analembera mu Maulendo Ake, mmodzi wa "Umodzi" atsogoleri okha Balcerowicz akhoza kubwera lingaliro la pulogalamu yake ya kusintha zachuma panthawi imene nyama dziko anapatsidwa pa makadi. Mu 1989, akulamulira Communist Party ndi chitsutso pansi pa tebulo positi ofesi. M'nkhani ino, wokonzanso tsogolo anali mmodzi wa ophunzira okha. Komabe, miyezi ingapo, Rakovsky ndi Chikomyunizimu m'tchalitchichi. Ulamuliro "Umodzi". Ndipo zaka 42 Leshek Baltserovich anakhala wachiwiri kwa nduna yaikulu kwa Economy.

pa chifundo cha

Woyamba zofunika positi Economist anali woyamba sanali chikominisi nduna, amene mutu anali Tadeush Mazovetsky. Mtsogoleri wa "Umodzi" Leh Valensa anadutsa ambiri ofuna positi a wachiwiri kwa nduna yaikulu Economic. Ambiri chuma otchuka asiya udindo umenewo. Koma Balcerowicz anavomera ndipo sindinataye.

Poland mu 1980-1990

Izi ndi nthawi yovuta kwambiri pa moyo wa dziko. The chuma wakhala inawonongedwa, panali kusowa ambiri, mitengo ndi chikukwera, ndipo ngakhale kotunga mankhwala ofunika wakhala linaphwanya mu chuma. Popanda mapangidwe njira msika sangathe zidzaperekedwa. Mwa njira iyi akanapereka olimba chuma ndi ndalama. Balcerowicz nayo nthawi yovuta. Palibe njira ya kusintha kwa sosholisimu mafakitale kulibe kuti chuma msika. Chirichonse chinkayenera kuti kuyambira zikande. Pambuyo Balcerowicz anasiya boma, iye anabwerera sayansi. Iye anaphunzitsa Warsaw, ndipo lectured ku mayunivesite European ndi American ndipo adalemba mabuku angapo za zomwe Polish ya kusintha. Komabe, chiphunzitso chakuti sanali okwanira, kunali koyenera kuti ayese malingaliro onse kuchita.

Kachiwiri, boma

Mu 1994, Economist adachimanga mphamvu ndi atsogoleri lakale "Umodzi" ndipo analenga Union ufulu, yemwe walunjika. M'kupita kwa nthawi, phwando atsopano anayamba yaikulu mu Poland. Mu chisankho kuti yamalamulo mu 1997, anapata malo lachitatu. Choncho Leshek Baltserovich anabwerera ku mphamvu. Iye anatenga udindo wa nduna ya zachuma Wachiwiri nduna yaikulu ndi zachuma. Mu 2000, Balcerowicz, kuyembekeza azingokhala chayandikira cha Mgwirizano wa onse, kutsanzika boma, anapita Shevardnadze mlangizi, ndipo mu 2001 anakhala pulezidenti wa Bank National. Iye anazisiya kuti positi mu 2007. Mu chaka chomwecho anali kupereka kwa Brussels ndikuganiza-thanki udindo wa "wokonzanso lalikulu European Union." Mu 2008, zachuma wakhala mmodzi mwa abale atatu a gulu Katswiri kuti anayamba kuthetsa zotsatira za mavuto azachuma padziko lonse. Mu 2016 Balcerowicz anaikidwa woimira mutsogoleli wa Ukraine, nduna za Atumiki.

Akamanena za kusintha

Mu 1990s oyambirira, Poland anali mu mkhalidwe kwambiri zokhudza zonse mavuto. Dziko anaona zochitika monga kuchepetsa mlingo ambiri a moyo, hyperinflation ndi akukhudzidwira kuchepa kupanga. Potulukira strategy vuto amatenda zopita ku msika njira, kusintha kapangidwe umwini, De-monopolization cha chuma, kukonza muzochitika zonse. Balcerowicz dongosolo m'gulu:

• A zolimba kutipanikiza ndalama ndondomeko. Kumafuna kuchepetsa umuna ndalama ndi kuwonjezeka mu chiwongola dzanja.
• Kupha kuchepekedwa bajeti. ubwino kwambiri msonkho akhala zimafika, komanso ang'onoang'ono chakudya, mphamvu, zipangizo ndi zina zotero. D.
• Price liberalization. Lolamulidwa boma tabadwa mphamvu, mankhwala, lendi ndi zoyendera tariffs.
• Kukhazikitsa tsankho convertibility zloty.
• Kukhwimitsa kutipanikiza ndalama ndondomeko. Amaphatikiza chiyembekezo chakuti a zonse indexation malipilo ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ziwawa mwapang'onopang'ono msonkho.

zotsatira

Mu 1990, boma anayamba kugwiritsa ntchito "mankhwala mantha". Ang'onoang'ono ulimi akhala zimafika. Boma anatha kulimbikitsa zloty. Komabe, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono adanyamuka kuchepekedwa ndalama, ngongole za ku banki akhala unaffordable. Choncho, kupanga mavuto anayamba. Chiwerengero mwamsanga anayamba Petro kunja. Ndi ulova chawonjezeka kwambiri. Choncho, "mantha mankhwala" Koma bajeti moyenera ndiponso lathandiza kugonjetsa hyperinflation, koma wakhala imayambitsa mavuto kukulitsa. Choncho anaganiza kuti afewetse izo. Pa kukonzanso koyamba za cuma, pamalonjezo wamba linayikidwa. Kale mu 1992 izo zinabweretsa zipatso zake poyamba.

Balcerowicz ndi Ukraine

Poland anakwanitsa kuthetsa zotsatira za mapulani ndi utsogoleli wa chuma ndiponso ngakhale kulowa Union European. Komabe, zimenezi kudzakuthandizani ngati Ukraine? kukonzanso chuma ku Poland zathandiza, tsopano iwo akuyesera kuti azolowere zenizeni latsopano. "Shock mankhwala" mu Ukraine anayamba ngakhale boma Yatsenyuk. Malinga Balcerowicz, kunandithandiza kupewa ndi zina zovuta kwambiri. Iye akukhulupirira kuti chinthu choyamba chimene muyenera khutu ku chitukuko cha payekha gawo. Izi zikutanthauza kufunika kwa deregulation zikuluzikulu. Zofunika ndi nkhondo yolimbana ndi ziphuphu. Akuluakulu zogwirizana ayenera kupeza pa mphamvu zonse. Mu sitepe yotsatira Balcerowicz akumufunsira kugwira hryvnia olimba ndi kuchepetsa wa kuchepekedwa bajeti. Ukraine kumathandiza ubwenzi wa mphamvu ndi oligarchs. Ndipo zimenezi tiyenera atsogoleri andale. kusintha wina chipani ndi wamba. Kukopa ndalama zakunja anafunika kusintha osati aone awo. Zinali choncho angathe kukopa ndalama Poland. Choncho, Ukraine akhoza kugwira chuma ku dziko lawo ndi kusonyeza zotsatira weniweni. Inu simungakhoze zifukwa kulephera nkhondo ndi nthawi yovuta. Makampani amafunika zotsatira, osati malonjezo a asayembekezere m'tsogolo. Akayamba, Ukraine adzalandira zofunika kwambiri inflow wake wa ndalama zakunja.