Limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka ya zimasintha kuti malo a nyama ndi zomera

Mchitidwe wa chisinthiko kumafuna zosintha zonse zimenezi, mbali zothandiza, ndi kuphatikiza awo mu matupi a zamoyo. Ndipo kusintha Sikuti zimachitika pa mlingo chibadwa. Nkofunika idioadaptation - zimasintha nyama, zomera ndi yaying'ono-zamoyo zinthu zenizeni zachilengedwe, zinthu zachilengedwe, ndi maonekedwe a m'deralo.

Limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka zipangizo - kwambiri zamoyo zinachita ndondomeko, kupanga makhalidwe anakhumba ndi kupita kwa nthawi, pang'onopang'ono. Kukonza makhalidwe zofunika mu matupi a zamoyo kusonyeza m'mibadwo yanu.

Anatengera, kapena anatengera zamoyo

Nthawi zambiri mukhoza kupeza thupi la masamba kapena nyama chiyambi, omwe ali mbali zachilendo mu dongosolo, ndi khalidwe kapena maonekedwe. Mwachitsanzo, n'kudziphatika tizilombo, amene kunja sikusiyana ku nthambi ya mtengo. Kapena kuwuluka-hoverfly, amene ali chimodzimodzi mtundu womwewo, monga mavu a. Mwa zomera zitsanzo tolstostebelnye nkhadze minofu, stilted ndi mlengalenga mizu, mizu-eni.

Mulimonsemo, zonsezi - ndi anatengera kwa malo, mmene chilengedwe kapena kudziteteza ku zamoyo zina. zochitika amenewa ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa magawo zofunika mchitidwe wa chisinthiko. Limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka zipangizo zonse ali maziko ake mu chitsanzo majini ndi nkofunika ndi koyenera majini yolusa kabisidwe akuti khalidwe ndi. Mwachitsanzo, jini udindo kusintha kwa mtundu bilimankhwe, kupangidwa mu matupi a nyama zaka zikwizikwi zapitazo ndipo akadali munaupereka kwa mibadwo yonse ya m'tsogolo.

chomera anatengera: mudziwe ambiri

Zimasintha zomera ndi mbali ya miyoyo yawo. Onse a iwo akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu angapo chachikulu.

1. Ndi zinthu kutentha kwa chilengedwe.
2. chinyezi.
3. The njira ya kubereketsa zomera.
4. Ndi kumwa chakudya.

Limagwirira zipangizo yatsoka likukwaniritsa ndizosowa chomwecho onse - zamoyo zinachita kusintha ndi clamping ndi kutengerapo tinatengera zofunika m'mikhalidwe wonena za. Choncho, ngati chomera ali ndinazolowera gawo, mmene chilengedwe, kutentha, onse mibadwo m'tsogolo, izo adzakupatsani zinthu zonse zofunikira moyo womasuka.

Zomera zinthu youma

Pa kutentha, lomwe likulamuliridwa ndi mfundo zabwino kwambiri ndipo masiku zokhazikika dzuwa, zipangizo zomera anatchula umalimbana kuchepetsa chinyezi evaporation. Komanso, kupulumutsa kulemera ndi zakudya pamodzi ndi madzi omangidwa mwa tsinde la.

Pakuti leafy izi mbale ndi kuchepetsedwa yochepa kapena kwathunthu kusinthidwa. Chitsanzo ambiri chabwino ndi zomera chipululu - cacti. zinthu mwankhanza kuli pa kuyaka dzuwa anapanga masamba a zomera kusintha kwa masingano prickly ndi zimayambira - mu nkhungu tsinde minofu, wodzazidwa ndi maselo parenchymal (m'munsi nsalu) ndi ambiri madzi omangidwa ndi ufulu.

Limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka ya zimasintha nkhadze limasonyeza bwinobwino mmene mwaluso akhoza kudzala mu zimasintha awo. Chifukwa minga chomera si asamasanduke nthunzi madzi kuchokera pamwamba tsamba, choncho, izo amapulumutsa ndi kuchuluka. Komanso, mu tsinde, pansi kusinthidwa wakuda tsinde minofu, pali kudzikundikira angapo zinthu, madzi posungira. Mwachitsanzo, anapeza:

• hydrophilic zedi;
• proline (asidi kwa amino, madzi posungira);
• monosaccharides ndi zidulo zosiyanasiyana organic.

Komanso, limagwirira zipangizo yatsoka nkhadze zikuphatikizapo kupanga m'thupi chikhalidwe cha mankhwala amene choopsa kanthu kukula timadzi (gibberellins, auxins). Zimenezi zimathandiza zomera kukula mwamsanga kusiya pa zosayembekezereka wa zinthu chowawa, mpaka nthawi yaitali.

Anatengera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kubereketsa zomera

Chitsanzo china chapadera cha anatengera zomera ndi luso atengere mungu ndi. Mwachitsanzo, mphepo mungu mbewu za mitundu zauma ndi kuwala, kuti chabe kudzatha kayendedwe ngakhale mphamvu mpweya.

Ngati mbewu Entomophilous, amabala maluwa a mtundu wina ndi kapangidwe:

• zowala ndi;
• chachikulu kapena pamodzi inflorescences zazikulu;
• ndi kununkhira amphamvu zosangalatsa.

Kapangidwe ka duwa akhoza zokuzira pansi pollinator lapansi. Pali zomera mungu mtundu mosamalitsa ena a mbalame kapena tizilombo.

Cross-mungu kapena zomera kudzikonda mungu mu dongosolo la maluwa ndi stamens yaitali ndi pistil kwambiri anabzala kuti mungu umalandira manyazi. Aliyense wa zipangizo izi amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri mu kubalana ndi chibadwa komanso wotetezeka ku matupi athu ndi.

zinthu mopitirira muyeso chinyezi mbewu

Mu malo otentha zambiri chodabwitsa cha chinyezi kwambiri. Amadziwika kuti m'madera ena kuvumba otentha mukhoza kupita kuposa mwezi umodzi. Kumene, chotero owonjezera madzi ndi zoipa kwa zomera. Choncho ena mitundu anapanga anatengera ena amachepetsa zotsatira za chikhalidwe chotero. Iwo gidatody - madzi estuary, kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa madzi excreted ndi mbewu. Iye masamba madontho wawo. zodabwitsazi amatchedwa Guttation.

Komanso zipangizo kwa chinyezi owonjezera zomera lalikulu masamba mbale ndi nambala yaikulu stomata. Choncho, transpiration komanso umalimba.

Limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka zipangizo nyama

Zinyama amakakamizidwa osati kuti azolowere zinthu zachilengedwe, komanso kudziteteza ku matenda anthu wamphamvu, umene - chakudya. Izi zinachititsa kuti pakhale wa mitundu yambiri ya zimasintha nyama:

• kusintha mawonekedwe thupi ndi ziwalo, ubweya (khungu, cholembera) kuphimba;
• zoteteza coloration;
• mimesis (onyenga a nyama kutetezedwa ndi zoopsa);
• limatiuzanso mitundu;
• kufumbwa khalidwe.

A chitsanzo chapadera cha zipangizo ndi kusintha mawonekedwe a thupi, miyendo ndi chimakwirira ndi mbalame (nthenga, muyezo, kuwala mafupa streamlined mawonekedwe thupi). Komanso, nyama za m'madzi ndi nsomba ndi zipsepse ndi michira, yosalala pamwamba, kupanda chida champhamvu. Koma iwo alipo mpweya thovu, mzere lateral (nsomba), Mapazi Ngati a Bakha (waterfowl), zipsepse (m'madzi nyama).

coloration zoteteza anawona nyama ambiri, onse apadziko ndi m'madzi. Mwachitsanzo, ziwala wobiriwira, zobisika mu udzu, nyanja singano kukabisala algae. Bilimankhwe njenjete (ndodo mbozi) Calim (gulugufe simulating tsamba), akuda partridges, woyera ndi imvi mtundu mbalame ndi zitsanzo zina zambiri kuonetsa chipangizo nyama.

Mimicry, ndi onyenga kuti kudziteteza ku zikudyedwa ndi akuukira khalidwe la Mwachitsanzo, ntchentche, hoverflies (akufanana ndi mavu), mitundu ina ya njoka, njoka kukopera ndi zina zotero.

ochekenera tizirombo limatiuzanso umalimbana chilungamo mitundu chenjezo inedibility, virulence ake. Zitsanzo ndi njoka zapoizoni, mavu, njuchi, njuchi bumble, ladybugs ndi nthumwi zina. Izi ndi chipangizo sizachilendo nyama.

Kufumbwa khalidwe - ndi ukali, mukulira, otprygivanie pambali deflation wa madzi kwachilengedwenso (inki nyamayi ndi nyamayi, akanyimbi). Kwakenso ndi zochitika zina mu ozizira nkhosa mawonekedwe nyengo atsogolere kupeza chakudya.

Zonse mwa zipangizozi anapanga wa evolutionarily ndi osiyana-anakhazikitsa njira yamaphunziro.

Anatengera zimbalangondo

Limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka ya kumalo ozizira zimasintha chimbalangondo kupangidwa mu malo ozizira kwambiri. anatengera wake anauzidwa pa yosungira chikondi ndi chakudya kupanga. Njirazi ndi monga:

• osokonekera woyera ochekenera (masking);
• nkhungu wosanjikiza mafuta subcutaneous, amene n'chofunikira wapawiri: kutchinjiriza ndi mpumulo thupi pa kusambira pamadzi;
• wandiweyani wandiweyani komanso ubweya kuphimba nkhope yonse ya thupi.

Chifukwa zawo zimasintha kumalo ozizira chimbalangondo sangakhale mantha ngakhale zisagwidwe kwambiri ozizira. A mtundu woyera lilili kuti mwakachetechete zimalowa ku gwero mphamvu - zisindikizo.

Zimasintha nyama mobisa

Nthumwi olemekezeka zoona, Mfuko ndi achibale ake onse (zokor, makoswe Mfuko, ndi ena). Choncho, chitsanzo chake, taganizirani anatengera. Limagwirira zipangizo yatsoka Mole chikugwirizana ndi malo mobisa wopanda zina zofunika zinthu abiotic: kuyatsa chinyezi chokwanira, kutentha. Choncho anatengera nyama motere:

• wamphamvu kukumba miyendo;
• kusowa masomphenya;
• wandiweyani wosanjikiza subcutaneous mafuta;
• yosalala ndi zolimba ubweya wakuda;
• streamlined thupi mawonekedwe.

Anatengera nyama zazikulu chipululu

Kuti anthu makamaka monga ngamira, mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Limagwirira wa zosayembekezereka zipangizo ngamila aumbike mwa kupanda chinyezi ndi kutentha. Anatengera chikhalidwe zotsatirazi:

• Pamaso pa chitsulo wotsitsimutsa salt owonjezera m'thupi;
• otsika potootvedenie;
• mphamvu kwa nthawi yaitali njala, kuonda mwa wina wa chitatu;
• mbali yapadera ya chimbudzi ndipo thupi;
• pamaso pa imakhala, wodzazidwa ndi mafuta-kasungidwe madzi omangidwa;
• mofulumira machulukitsidwe wa madzi kuligonjetsa nkhokwe mkati.

zimasintha onsewa kuchita zinthu ngamila chipululu, ndi omasuka ndi oyenera moyo.