Kusiyana ndi kufanana pakati pa zinyama ndi anthu: ziwalo, maonekedwe kulankhulana, ubale

Kufanana ndi kusiyana pakati pa munthu ndi chinyama - mutu kwambiri. Pambuyo Charles Darwin anapanga chiphunzitso chake kwa zinthu, anayamba kukangana wosatha ngati anthu kwenikweni anachokera kwa anyani, kapena njira ina. Mpaka tsopano kupereka yankho lomveka ku funso zimenezi n'zosatheka. Komabe, sayansi lero anapeza zambiri umboni kuti akusonyeza kuti pali kufanana ya zinyama ndi anthu chidwi. Izi zikusonyeza kuti zamoyo zonse ali ndi magwero ofanana. Makamaka, zikuchokera awo elemental ndi zofanana.

The elemental zikuchokera zamoyo

Monga mbali ya matupi a zamoyo okhala Earth ali yemweyo zinthu mankhwala. Similar zidulo mkati ndi mapuloteni anapeza maselo nyama. Iwo akuchita ntchito yofanana. Kufanana lalikulu anapezeka pakati anyani ndi anthu. Mwachitsanzo, macaque ndi DNA munthu lili pafupifupi 66% majini ofanana. Ndipo ngati inu yerekezerani woimira mitundu Homo sapiens ku anyani, kufanana ndi kuzungulira 92%. Immunological katundu wa magazi ndipo mulibe kusiyana kwambiri. Ndipo anyani ndipo anthu ali RH Chinthu ndi magazi gulu.

Ziwalo ndi ziwalo za nyama ndi

N'zochititsa chidwi kwambiri, si choncho? Komabe, izi sikuthetsa kufanana wa nyama ndi anthu. Ngati mbali ndi ziwalo za thupi secrete mu kapangidwe ka onse. Kufanana mu dongosolo ambiri a nyama ndi anthu zikusonyeza kuti pali kugwirizana pakati pawo kuti n'zotheka kulankhula za anachokera wamba. The apamwamba nyama mu lonse zamoyo zinachita, chindichepere osiyana mitundu Homo sapiens Tingaone. Front munthu kumene, ngati zonse mitundu ya anyani kumvetsa. Ali ndi burashi kuti akhoza kukhala momasuka wopindidwa, ndiponso unbent. Zala zina sizilingana chachikulu. Nail anapereka ndi arched osachiritsika phalanx. Clavicle bwino mwatsatanetsatane lamba phewa. Iwo amapereka zovuta zosiyanasiyana kayendedwe ka forelegs lapansi. Major ndi anthu ndipo ena chigaza. Pa mbali yakutsogolo kwa chigaza ili mwake. Amakumana kutsogolo. Monga nyama ambiri, maso a m'munda wa aone si yekha, ndipo alipo wina ndi mzake. Izi zimathandiza atatu azithunzi omwe tikunena, binocular masomphenya. Komabe, izi si kufanana onse. Ndipo kusiyana munthu nyama sitinalandire ankaona. Tili ndi chidwi chofuna mutu n'kwakukulu kwambiri, ndipo kuulula zingakhale nthawi yayitali. Tiyeni kuyesetsa kuzindikira waukulu.

ubongo

Ndi anyani, ndi anthu, mosiyana ndi nyama zina, ndi ubongo kwambiri olemera. Iye waima panja pa Lobe occipital ndi mazunzo kwambiri. chakuti lobes occipital bwino anakamba, chifukwa kusintha kwa masomphenya. A mphamvu mkulu aluntha zinachititsa kuti kukhalapo kwa lobes mazunzo. Ambiri, lonse zovuta - forelimbs angathe mpheto, ubongo anyani ndi ziwalo kwambiri kuyambira cha masomphenya - ndi choyambilira chachikulu chokhala ndi luso ntchito. Komabe, kukhazikitsa (pa ichi, tikambirana pansipa mwatsatanetsatane), yekha poyerekezera ndi munthu angathe kulankhula.

chitukuko cha mazira

Anthu ndi nyama Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ali anapeza zambiri kuti athe kuti zinthu zambiri ndi ofanana chitukuko cha mazira a mitundu za thupi yofanana. Mwachitsanzo, mu magawo oyambirira embryogenesis onse anaika chordate notochord (ofananira mafupa) limapezeka chubu ubongo kuoneka slits gill. Koma munthu, dongosolo la mtima wake embryonic akufanana Kapangidwe ka thupi la nsomba - wina ventricle ndi atrium wina. Asayansi ankafufuza mmene nyama zosiyanasiyana zapita chitukuko yoopsa. Iwo anapeza kuti anthu zimakhalira mu magawo onse a zamoyo wa mitundu. Mbali wodziwika German wasayansi Ernst Haeckel ndi F. Müller, amene ankakhala mu theka 2 zaka za m'ma 19. Iwo anakonza monga lamulo biogenetic, amene akubwereza phylogeny mu ontogeny. chitukuko munthu, kuti ndi ontogenesis, - ndi recapitulation wa phylogeny, ndilo chitukuko mbiri ya mtundu makamaka.

dongosolo kulankhulana

Tiyeni tsopano tikambirane za makhalidwe a. Palinso kufanana kwambiri wa nyama ndi anthu. Ndipo iwo ndi ena anayambitsa dongosolo la kulankhulana ndi zizindikiro ziwalo. United njira za khalidwe la nyama ndi mitundu anthu. NdiAmene wa chiphunzitso reflex khalidwe ndi Russian asayansi IM Sechenov ndi I. P. Pavlov. Chiphunzitsochi zachokera mawonetseredwe osiyanasiyana ndi zovuta ya ubongo. wagawo ake zinchito ndi reflex.

Anthu ali kufanana kwakukulu wa nyama ndi anthu. Tiyeni tsopano tione kusiyana. Mudzaona kuti chitsutso cha "munthu - nyama" ali zambiri zapansi.

Bipedalism ndi miyendo makamaka anthu

Mu Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi kapangidwe ka anthu pali kusiyana kwambiri pakati pa zinyama. Makamaka, bipedalism kusanduka chifukwa cha mapangidwe amphamvu kwambiri musculature ya nthambi m'munsi, komanso maonekedwe anasonyeza anaŵerama mu msana (sacrococcygeal, lumbar, thoracic, khomo lachiberekero), kusintha malo a mafupa a chiuno, ndi maphunziro vaulted moans anayamba ndi chala choyamba. Malo a ziwalo nawonso wasintha chifukwa cha udindo ofukula za thupi.

Tikumbukenso kuti munthu ali ndi kulekana kwa m'makona chapamwamba ndipo m'munsi zinchito. manja athu bwino anayamba - wokonzeka kusintha makina burashi, pali zambiri minofu yaing'ono, kanjedza anatsutsa chala kuti amalola munthu zinthu nsinga. Komanso dzanja ndi nonspecific, ndiko kuti, angachichite zosiyanasiyana kayendedwe, zochenjera komanso zovuta. izi ndi zambiri mbali zonse yatchedwa ndi sayansi monga zamoyo. Munthu, nyama, zomera kapena bakiteriya - onse asayansi ena amene adzipereka munda wa chidziwitso. Palibe mitundu awa a zinthu zamoyo, zomwe iwo samenya phunzirolo.

Animal zakudya ndi anthu

Pakati pa anthu, zilombo zolusa komanso herbivores, pali kusiyana mu zakudya. Mwachitsanzo, tingagwiritse ntchito pafupifupi mtundu uliwonse wa chakudya. Ichi chizathandiza Kapangidwe ka pachibwano. Mu herbivores limayenda makamaka ndege yopingasa, wakupatsani pogaya mbewu chakudya. Monga zolusa, nsagwada amasuntha vertically. M'pofunika kuphwanya mafupa ndi kuluma pa nyama. Munthu wapatsidwa onse a zifukwa, koma osati kwathunthu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati ifenso tiyenera kuloza nsagwada wathu pambali kapena monzama awulule pakamwa, padzakhala kuti ntchafu. mphamvu chathu okha pafupifupi theka la nyama zilipo. Kumbukirani momwe ng'ona atsegula kukamwa kwake kapena mmene ng'ombe amasuntha nsagwada, ndipo inu mukumvetsa zimene ine ndikutanthauza.

Mbali chidwi amapezeka mu kapangidwe ka mano. Ndipo anthu ndi nyama kupiphatisa kutafuna chakudya n'kudya. Zogwiritsira mano wapangidwa makamaka herbivores wa molars (otchedwa mano mosabisa zomwe achitezo akupera chakudya). Pa ogwirira yomweyo pakamwa ndi incisors ndi canines. umunthu wapereka mwayi kudya chakudya cha mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Komabe, mwayi zoonekeratu zimawonedwa motsogozedwa herbivores, kuyambira 12 mano 32 okha zokhudzana zolusa. 4 canines ang'ono ndi incisors 8. mano ena - molars ndi 12 premolars 8, kusonyeza kuti kutengera za anthu kudya ndi chomera chakudya.

Kukula kwa ubongo

Mwina kusiyana zofunika kwambiri kapangidwe ka nyama zakuthengo Umutu ndi chitukuko cha ubongo, ndilo maziko nkhani ya kulankhula, kutsitsimuka, maganizo. Anthu, si monga kwambiri ikuluikulu komanso zinthu zambiri zovuta dongosolo kuposa nyama. Ichi ndi chifukwa zikamera wa nyumba yatsopano, komanso ensembles wa manyuroni kuti kulamulira maganizo, malankhulidwe kayendedwe zovuta. Anthu, ubongo m'goli. Iwo ali zimagwirira ntchito asymmetric. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti ndi zomveka kuganiza kugwirizana Chigawo anachoka ndipo Chigawo ufulu ndi udindo yodziŵiratu zinthu pasadakhale ndi dera maganizo.

Lero tikudziwa, chifukwa cha khalidwe mayesero ntchito yachipatala kuti khalidwe amazindikira ndi ntchito amazindikira, chibadidwe munthu, anatsimikiza waukulu koposa ndiponso parietal prefrontals minda ya kotekisi ubongo. Mwachitsanzo, mu zapambuyo mazunzo kugonjetsedwa ife kutaya luso kusamalira mwanzeru ndiponso mozindikira zochita zokha, kuti Kumvetsela ku akutali zolinga ndi zolinga za zochita zawo. Kugonjetsedwa kwa minda parietal tidzapeze chakuti chiphunzitso cha anataya asapita okhudza malo ndi wathupi, yogwirizana ndi zomveka. Ngati anyani ndi munda mazunzo chimakwirira pafupifupi 15% ya malo onse a kotekisi oziziritsa, anthu - 30%. Komanso, nizhnetemennoy ndi prefrontal mbali anthu malo mitsempha, amene ali kwina mitundu ina.

Chifukwa cha kusanduka anali kusiya mfundo biosocial mitundu Homo sapiens. Iwo anapanga pa ndondomeko otnogeneza, ngati munthu amakhala pa anthu, mwa ena. mbali ameneŵa amagwiranso ntchito khalidwe ndi Maphunziro Akakhalidwe Kazolengedwa ndi moyo. Choncho, psyche wa nyama ndi anthu chimasiyana kwambiri. Tiyeni tsopano tione maganizo.

maganizo a anthu

Pa nkhani imeneyi, pali kusiyana ndi kufanana kwa anthu ndi nyama. Table ndi lemba anapereka m'munsimu adzakuthandizani kumvetsa iwo. Choyamba, tiona kuti, mosiyana ndi nyama, chibadwa cha munthu mwapadera maganizo wotchedwa maganizo cilamulo. The katundu wofunika kwambiri ndiponso makhalidwe lagona zosiyana. Ndi chabe. Nyama, chinyezimiro cha chowonadi nthawi zimatengera nkhani malo mwachindunji. Iwo amagwirizana ndi zinthu zina za dziko loyandikira. maganizo a anthu Only mwanzeru popanda, ali ndi mphamvu zambiri. Nyama, monga anthu, angachichite zochita zovuta. Komabe, zochokera achibadwidwe awo nthawi zonse kunama, kuti ndi inheritable mapulogalamu chibadwa. Mosamalitsa zochepa ya zochita anatsimikiza ndondomeko awo ndi kusintha kwa zinthu otsala zikutsatiridwa ngakhale chinthu ndi kosathandiza. Anthu zolinga choyamba, ndipamene dongosolo kuti akhoza kusintha ngati pakufunika kutero. Iye ndiye kusanthula zotsatira, kuzindikira.

malankhulidwe

Mu 1925 I. P. Pavlov kuphunzira zinthu achilendo kwa munthu wa ntchito apamwamba mantha, ndipo anapeza kuti yatengedwa kusiyana Mkhalidwe nyama kunja. Anthu, pali chachiwiri ma siginalo dongosolo, ndiwo mawu. Ndipo anthu, ndi ziwalo zina amatha kudziwa kusintha mu katundu ndi makhalidwe a zachilengedwe ndipo zinthu (mtundu, phokoso, fungo, kuwala, kutentha, kulawa ndi zina zotero. D.). Izi zikufanana kuonekera kwa anthu ndi nyama. Ntchito njira chipangizo - ndi chifukwa chimene amachita 1 Alamu dongosolo. Sizachilendo nyama ndi anthu. Munthu nthawi yomweyo, kukhala ndi dongosolo 2 ma siginalo. Pankhaniyi, zizindikiro ndi mawu ndi malankhulidwe ndi zowombetsa mkota ndi umboni, kuti ndi wosiyana chinthu yokha. Mawu amachita m'malo zikuchitika mwachindunji. Kuzipenya zasonyeza kuti kukhala 2 Alamu dongosolo n'chotheka polankhulana. Mu mawu ena, ali ndi khalidwe chikhalidwe.

Akuimira mu mawonekedwe a tebulo ena kufanana kwina ndi kusiyana maganizo ndiponso mawu a anthu ndi nyama.

Monga mukuonera, inu mukhoza kuwona momwe kusiyana ndi kufanana kwa anthu ndi nyama. Tebulo pamwamba, anamaliza kuona wa kuganiza ndi kulankhula. Ife titembenukira kwa peculiarities cha ntchitoyo.

ntchito anthu

Pa ntchito yolenga angathe anthu osati kokha, komanso mitundu ina yambiri. Tikhoza kuona kufanana kwa anthu ndi nyama. Komabe, anthu akhoza amaphunzira zipangizo zovuta kusintha ndi dongosolo ntchito, kuoneratu zotsatira kuti akhoza kuwapeza, komanso mwachangu kusintha dziko. Mitundu ina, ndithudi, osalankhula onse. Ichi ndi kusiyana zofunika pakati pa nyama ndi munthu akuchitazo. Choncho, m'pofunika kuti asiye mwatsatanetsatane.

Labor monga - ndi ntchito kuti ndi chibadidwe yekha. Iye ndi yaikulu m'chilengedwe kupereka zinthu zabwino aliko. Mbali yaikulu ya ntchito - kuti ntchitoyi ikuchitika, monga ulamuliro, kokha mwa ntchito limodzi ndi anthu ena. Izi imakhudzanso ngakhale losavuta ntchito atasenza khalidwe munthu, chifukwa munthu m'kupita kwa awo kukhazikitsa adzalowa mu ubale wina ndi anthu ena momuzungulira. Ntchito ya mlembi Mwachitsanzo, tinganene kuti aliyense payekha. Komabe, kwa iwo kuti, muyenera kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba, kuti maphunziro. Kuti ndi zotheka chifukwa cha kudzipeleka mu dongosolo ubale chikhalidwe. Choncho, ntchito iliyonse, ngakhale koyamba mwakuwoneka mwangwiro payekha kumafuna kugwira ntchito ndi anthu ena.

Zinali iye amene analimbikitsa chitukuko cha madera anthu, mwapadera kwa iwo amene ali nyama achilendo. Kusiyanaku kugona chakuti mgwirizano wa anthu wosazindikira akwaniritse cholinga si kungopulumuka, imene akuonetsa khalidwe la nyama zikuluzikulu. kunali koyenera kuti apulumuke ndi kusintha zinthu zachilengedwe, kuti ali ndi khama losonkhanitsidwa.

Moto mu moyo wa munthu

Pa chitukuko cha sapiens mitundu Homo ndi ubwenzi chikhalidwe zofunika kwambiri anali chitukuko cha moto awo. Munthu chifukwa chakuti uyu anaima kunja kwa zachilengedwe. Iye adaleka kudalira chilengedwe, anthu ufulu. Mphindi abwino mu chitukuko cha mtundu wa anthu anali kutentha mankhwala chakudya, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito moto kuti amapanga zosiyanasiyana zipangizo.

Udindo wa gulu la ntchito za chitukuko cha anthu

Izo zinachitika pa jenda ndi zaka mwa magawo oyambirira a chitukuko cha sapiens mitundu Homo. Kudulidwa kwa ntchito anatsogolera chakuti anayamba kugwirizanitsa chikhalidwe, kuchuluka zokolola. Anthu anatha pochitika mbadwo watsopano wa akudziwa.

M'banja asapita

Society pang'ono ndi pang'ono kuyambira zonse ukwati. Ichi chinali chinthu chofunika kwambiri pa chitukuko chikhalidwe, komanso zamoyo kwachilengedwenso wa sapiens mitundu Homo. Makamaka, chiletso cha mabanja pakati pa achibale n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kumathandiza kudzikundikira masinthidwe dziwe jini ya zoipa ndi kutsogolera kupita patsogolo ake.

Kuthandiza

Man ikukwaniritsa zosowa za chilengedwe ndi wauzimu ndi chikhalidwe. Wauzimu ikukhudzana bwanji ndi dziko mumtima mwathu. Nyama njala zamoyo zomwe ndi zochokera achibadwidwe.

pomaliza

Monga mukuonera nyama zakuthengo ndi anthu - mwa anthu osiyanasiyana, koma pakati pa iwo ndi mungapeze zambiri zofanana. Science alibe kuima, pali kafukufuku watsopano m'dera limenelo. Anapeza kufanana kwambiri pakati pa munthu ndi chinyama amafuna aunikiridwe. Tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ndife kudziwa abale athu ang'onoang'ono osati onse, ngakhale, ndi za iwo okha. Kufanana kwa anthu ndi nyama, nyama za mitundu yosiyanasiyana - nkhani zosangalatsa kwambiri, amene adzipereka kuphunzira asayansi ambiri. Izi ndi Aristotle, ndipo Klavdiy Galen ndi Charles Darwin, ndi ena ambiri.